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Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks

Time synchronization plays an important role in the scheduling and position technologies of sensor nodes in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The time synchronization (TS) algorithms face challenges such as high requirements of energy efficiency, the estimation accuracy of the time-varying clock...

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Autores principales: Liu, Di, Zhu, Min, Li, Dong, Fang, Xiaofang, Wu, Yanbo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347145/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34372255
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155018
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author Liu, Di
Zhu, Min
Li, Dong
Fang, Xiaofang
Wu, Yanbo
author_facet Liu, Di
Zhu, Min
Li, Dong
Fang, Xiaofang
Wu, Yanbo
author_sort Liu, Di
collection PubMed
description Time synchronization plays an important role in the scheduling and position technologies of sensor nodes in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The time synchronization (TS) algorithms face challenges such as high requirements of energy efficiency, the estimation accuracy of the time-varying clock skew and the suppression of the impulsive noise. To achieve accurate time synchronization for UANs, an energy-efficient TS method based on nonlinear clock skew tracking (NCST) is proposed. First, based on the sea trial temperature data and the crystal oscillators’ temperature–frequency characteristics, a nonlinear model is established to characterize the dynamic of clock skews. Second, a single-way communication scheme based on a receiver-only (RO) paradigm is used in the NCST-TS to save limited energy. Meanwhile, impulsive noises are considered during the communication process and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to fit receiving timestamp errors caused by non-Gaussian noise. To combat the nonlinear and non-Gaussian problem, the particle filter (PF)-based algorithm is used to track the time-varying clock state and an accurate posterior probability density function under the GMM error model is also given in PF. The simulation results show that under the GMM error model, the accumulative Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of NCST-TS can be reduced from 10(−4) s to 10(−5) s compared with existing protocols. It also outperforms the other TS algorithms in the aspect of energy efficiency.
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spelling pubmed-83471452021-08-08 Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks Liu, Di Zhu, Min Li, Dong Fang, Xiaofang Wu, Yanbo Sensors (Basel) Communication Time synchronization plays an important role in the scheduling and position technologies of sensor nodes in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The time synchronization (TS) algorithms face challenges such as high requirements of energy efficiency, the estimation accuracy of the time-varying clock skew and the suppression of the impulsive noise. To achieve accurate time synchronization for UANs, an energy-efficient TS method based on nonlinear clock skew tracking (NCST) is proposed. First, based on the sea trial temperature data and the crystal oscillators’ temperature–frequency characteristics, a nonlinear model is established to characterize the dynamic of clock skews. Second, a single-way communication scheme based on a receiver-only (RO) paradigm is used in the NCST-TS to save limited energy. Meanwhile, impulsive noises are considered during the communication process and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to fit receiving timestamp errors caused by non-Gaussian noise. To combat the nonlinear and non-Gaussian problem, the particle filter (PF)-based algorithm is used to track the time-varying clock state and an accurate posterior probability density function under the GMM error model is also given in PF. The simulation results show that under the GMM error model, the accumulative Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of NCST-TS can be reduced from 10(−4) s to 10(−5) s compared with existing protocols. It also outperforms the other TS algorithms in the aspect of energy efficiency. MDPI 2021-07-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8347145/ /pubmed/34372255 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155018 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Communication
Liu, Di
Zhu, Min
Li, Dong
Fang, Xiaofang
Wu, Yanbo
Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title_full Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title_fullStr Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title_full_unstemmed Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title_short Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization Based on Nonlinear Clock Skew Tracking for Underwater Acoustic Networks
title_sort energy-efficient time synchronization based on nonlinear clock skew tracking for underwater acoustic networks
topic Communication
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347145/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34372255
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155018
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