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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has constituted a major revolution in the treatment of patients with cancer. In contrast with the traditional cytotoxic therapies that directly kill tumor cells, this treatment modality enhances the ability of the host’s immune system to recognize and...

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Autores principales: Bouferraa, Youssef, Chedid, Andrea, Amhaz, Ghid, El Lakkiss, Ahmed, Mukherji, Deborah, Temraz, Sally, Shamseddine, Ali
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347208/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360802
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158036
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author Bouferraa, Youssef
Chedid, Andrea
Amhaz, Ghid
El Lakkiss, Ahmed
Mukherji, Deborah
Temraz, Sally
Shamseddine, Ali
author_facet Bouferraa, Youssef
Chedid, Andrea
Amhaz, Ghid
El Lakkiss, Ahmed
Mukherji, Deborah
Temraz, Sally
Shamseddine, Ali
author_sort Bouferraa, Youssef
collection PubMed
description The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has constituted a major revolution in the treatment of patients with cancer. In contrast with the traditional cytotoxic therapies that directly kill tumor cells, this treatment modality enhances the ability of the host’s immune system to recognize and target cancerous cells. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have been effective across multiple cancer types, overcoming resistance remains a key area of ongoing research. The gut microbiota and its role in cancer immunosurveillance have recently become a major field of study. Gut microbiota has been shown to have direct and systemic effects on cancer pathogenesis and hosts anti-tumor immune response. Many studies have also shown that the host microbiota profile plays an essential role in the response to immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors. As such, modulating this microbial environment has offered a potential path to overcome the resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we will talk about the role of microbiota in cancer pathogenesis and immune-system activity. We will also discuss preclinical and clinical studies that have increased our understanding about the roles and the mechanisms through which microbiota influences the response to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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spelling pubmed-83472082021-08-08 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges Bouferraa, Youssef Chedid, Andrea Amhaz, Ghid El Lakkiss, Ahmed Mukherji, Deborah Temraz, Sally Shamseddine, Ali Int J Mol Sci Review The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has constituted a major revolution in the treatment of patients with cancer. In contrast with the traditional cytotoxic therapies that directly kill tumor cells, this treatment modality enhances the ability of the host’s immune system to recognize and target cancerous cells. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have been effective across multiple cancer types, overcoming resistance remains a key area of ongoing research. The gut microbiota and its role in cancer immunosurveillance have recently become a major field of study. Gut microbiota has been shown to have direct and systemic effects on cancer pathogenesis and hosts anti-tumor immune response. Many studies have also shown that the host microbiota profile plays an essential role in the response to immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors. As such, modulating this microbial environment has offered a potential path to overcome the resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we will talk about the role of microbiota in cancer pathogenesis and immune-system activity. We will also discuss preclinical and clinical studies that have increased our understanding about the roles and the mechanisms through which microbiota influences the response to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. MDPI 2021-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8347208/ /pubmed/34360802 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158036 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Bouferraa, Youssef
Chedid, Andrea
Amhaz, Ghid
El Lakkiss, Ahmed
Mukherji, Deborah
Temraz, Sally
Shamseddine, Ali
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title_full The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title_fullStr The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title_short The Role of Gut Microbiota in Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Challenges
title_sort role of gut microbiota in overcoming resistance to checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: mechanisms and challenges
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347208/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360802
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158036
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