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One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms

After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent c...

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Autores principales: Rank, Andreas, Tzortzini, Athanasia, Kling, Elisabeth, Schmid, Christoph, Claus, Rainer, Löll, Eva, Burger, Roswitha, Römmele, Christoph, Dhillon, Christine, Müller, Katharina, Girl, Philipp, Hoffmann, Reinhard, Grützner, Stefanie, Dennehy, Kevin M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347559/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362088
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305
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author Rank, Andreas
Tzortzini, Athanasia
Kling, Elisabeth
Schmid, Christoph
Claus, Rainer
Löll, Eva
Burger, Roswitha
Römmele, Christoph
Dhillon, Christine
Müller, Katharina
Girl, Philipp
Hoffmann, Reinhard
Grützner, Stefanie
Dennehy, Kevin M.
author_facet Rank, Andreas
Tzortzini, Athanasia
Kling, Elisabeth
Schmid, Christoph
Claus, Rainer
Löll, Eva
Burger, Roswitha
Römmele, Christoph
Dhillon, Christine
Müller, Katharina
Girl, Philipp
Hoffmann, Reinhard
Grützner, Stefanie
Dennehy, Kevin M.
author_sort Rank, Andreas
collection PubMed
description After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent complications, including headache, concentration difficulties and loss of smell/taste, were reported by 51 of 83 (61%) participants and decreased over time to 28% one year after COVID-19. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detectable in 78% and 66% of participants, respectively, at a 12-month follow-up. Median antibody levels decreased by approximately 50% within the first 6 months but remained stable up to 12 months. Neutralizing antibodies could be found in 50% of participants; specific INFgamma-producing T-cells were present in two thirds one year after COVID-19. Activation-induced marker assays identified specific T-helper cells and central memory T-cells in 80% of participants at a 12-month follow-up. In correlative analyses, older age and a longer duration of the acute phase of COVID-19 were associated with higher humoral and T-cell responses. A weak correlation between long-term loss of taste/smell and low IgA levels was found at early time points. These data indicate a long-lasting immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 after mild COVID-19.
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spelling pubmed-83475592021-08-08 One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms Rank, Andreas Tzortzini, Athanasia Kling, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Claus, Rainer Löll, Eva Burger, Roswitha Römmele, Christoph Dhillon, Christine Müller, Katharina Girl, Philipp Hoffmann, Reinhard Grützner, Stefanie Dennehy, Kevin M. J Clin Med Article After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent complications, including headache, concentration difficulties and loss of smell/taste, were reported by 51 of 83 (61%) participants and decreased over time to 28% one year after COVID-19. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detectable in 78% and 66% of participants, respectively, at a 12-month follow-up. Median antibody levels decreased by approximately 50% within the first 6 months but remained stable up to 12 months. Neutralizing antibodies could be found in 50% of participants; specific INFgamma-producing T-cells were present in two thirds one year after COVID-19. Activation-induced marker assays identified specific T-helper cells and central memory T-cells in 80% of participants at a 12-month follow-up. In correlative analyses, older age and a longer duration of the acute phase of COVID-19 were associated with higher humoral and T-cell responses. A weak correlation between long-term loss of taste/smell and low IgA levels was found at early time points. These data indicate a long-lasting immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 after mild COVID-19. MDPI 2021-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8347559/ /pubmed/34362088 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Rank, Andreas
Tzortzini, Athanasia
Kling, Elisabeth
Schmid, Christoph
Claus, Rainer
Löll, Eva
Burger, Roswitha
Römmele, Christoph
Dhillon, Christine
Müller, Katharina
Girl, Philipp
Hoffmann, Reinhard
Grützner, Stefanie
Dennehy, Kevin M.
One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title_full One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title_fullStr One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title_full_unstemmed One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title_short One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
title_sort one year after mild covid-19: the majority of patients maintain specific immunity, but one in four still suffer from long-term symptoms
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347559/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362088
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305
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