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One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms
After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent c...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347559/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362088 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305 |
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author | Rank, Andreas Tzortzini, Athanasia Kling, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Claus, Rainer Löll, Eva Burger, Roswitha Römmele, Christoph Dhillon, Christine Müller, Katharina Girl, Philipp Hoffmann, Reinhard Grützner, Stefanie Dennehy, Kevin M. |
author_facet | Rank, Andreas Tzortzini, Athanasia Kling, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Claus, Rainer Löll, Eva Burger, Roswitha Römmele, Christoph Dhillon, Christine Müller, Katharina Girl, Philipp Hoffmann, Reinhard Grützner, Stefanie Dennehy, Kevin M. |
author_sort | Rank, Andreas |
collection | PubMed |
description | After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent complications, including headache, concentration difficulties and loss of smell/taste, were reported by 51 of 83 (61%) participants and decreased over time to 28% one year after COVID-19. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detectable in 78% and 66% of participants, respectively, at a 12-month follow-up. Median antibody levels decreased by approximately 50% within the first 6 months but remained stable up to 12 months. Neutralizing antibodies could be found in 50% of participants; specific INFgamma-producing T-cells were present in two thirds one year after COVID-19. Activation-induced marker assays identified specific T-helper cells and central memory T-cells in 80% of participants at a 12-month follow-up. In correlative analyses, older age and a longer duration of the acute phase of COVID-19 were associated with higher humoral and T-cell responses. A weak correlation between long-term loss of taste/smell and low IgA levels was found at early time points. These data indicate a long-lasting immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 after mild COVID-19. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8347559 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83475592021-08-08 One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms Rank, Andreas Tzortzini, Athanasia Kling, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Claus, Rainer Löll, Eva Burger, Roswitha Römmele, Christoph Dhillon, Christine Müller, Katharina Girl, Philipp Hoffmann, Reinhard Grützner, Stefanie Dennehy, Kevin M. J Clin Med Article After COVID-19, some patients develop long-term symptoms. Whether such symptoms correlate with immune responses, and how long immunity persists, is not yet clear. This study focused on mild COVID-19 and investigated correlations of immunity with persistent symptoms and immune longevity. Persistent complications, including headache, concentration difficulties and loss of smell/taste, were reported by 51 of 83 (61%) participants and decreased over time to 28% one year after COVID-19. Specific IgA and IgG antibodies were detectable in 78% and 66% of participants, respectively, at a 12-month follow-up. Median antibody levels decreased by approximately 50% within the first 6 months but remained stable up to 12 months. Neutralizing antibodies could be found in 50% of participants; specific INFgamma-producing T-cells were present in two thirds one year after COVID-19. Activation-induced marker assays identified specific T-helper cells and central memory T-cells in 80% of participants at a 12-month follow-up. In correlative analyses, older age and a longer duration of the acute phase of COVID-19 were associated with higher humoral and T-cell responses. A weak correlation between long-term loss of taste/smell and low IgA levels was found at early time points. These data indicate a long-lasting immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 after mild COVID-19. MDPI 2021-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8347559/ /pubmed/34362088 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Rank, Andreas Tzortzini, Athanasia Kling, Elisabeth Schmid, Christoph Claus, Rainer Löll, Eva Burger, Roswitha Römmele, Christoph Dhillon, Christine Müller, Katharina Girl, Philipp Hoffmann, Reinhard Grützner, Stefanie Dennehy, Kevin M. One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title | One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title_full | One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title_fullStr | One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title_full_unstemmed | One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title_short | One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms |
title_sort | one year after mild covid-19: the majority of patients maintain specific immunity, but one in four still suffer from long-term symptoms |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8347559/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362088 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153305 |
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