Synthesis, Characterization and Filtration Properties of Ecofriendly Fe(3)O(4) Nanoparticles Derived from Olive Leaves Extract

Recently, value-added nanomaterials including nanoparticles or nanofluids have been significantly used in designing drilling fluids with tunable rheological properties to meet specific downhole and environmental requirements. In this work, we report novel water-based drilling fluids (WBDF) containing eco-friendly Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)-NPs) prepared by using olive leaves extract (OLE) as a reducing and capping agent. A series of economical and excellent performance of WBDF was obtained by introducing low, medium, and high concentrations of Fe(3)O(4)-NPs into the conventional WBDF. The synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)-NPs was accomplished through the thermal decomposition of iron precursors in an organic medium. NPs were added to the based fluid at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 wt%. Emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), field- and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were used for Fe(3)O(4)-NPs analysis. Compared to the conventional WBDF, the addition of Fe(3)O(4)-NPs as an additive in the based fluids has been investigated to help increasing viscosity and yield point, which is advantageous for hole cleaning, as well as decreasing fluid loss and mud cake thickness.