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Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in females. The Pap smear is one of the most essential ways of diagnosing and screening for this malignancy, and any failure can be caused by a number of causes. The current study sought to investigate barriers to Pap smear in I...

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Autores principales: Marashi, Tayebeh, Irandoost, Seyed Fahim, Yoosefi Lebni, Javad, Soofizad, Goli
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348840/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362366
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01428-9
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author Marashi, Tayebeh
Irandoost, Seyed Fahim
Yoosefi Lebni, Javad
Soofizad, Goli
author_facet Marashi, Tayebeh
Irandoost, Seyed Fahim
Yoosefi Lebni, Javad
Soofizad, Goli
author_sort Marashi, Tayebeh
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in females. The Pap smear is one of the most essential ways of diagnosing and screening for this malignancy, and any failure can be caused by a number of causes. The current study sought to investigate barriers to Pap smear in Iranian women. METHOD: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Data was gathered through focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews with 32 women and health professionals. The interviewees were chosen using a combination of purposive and theoretical sampling. The data was then analyzed using the content analysis approach developed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln's criteria for establishing trustworthiness were explored. RESULTS: Data analysis resulted in the identification of four primary categories, seventeen subcategories, and 186 original concepts. The main categories include weakness of health system, difficult accessibility, low health literacy, and socio-cultural factors. CONCLUSION: By informing women about the necessity and importance of Pap smear, providing the conditions, facilities, and equipment to facilitate the testing process, and paying more attention to cultural and social factors in cervical cancer and Pap smear planning, interventions, and policies, barriers to Pap testing can be eliminated.
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spelling pubmed-83488402021-08-09 Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study Marashi, Tayebeh Irandoost, Seyed Fahim Yoosefi Lebni, Javad Soofizad, Goli BMC Womens Health Research Article BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in females. The Pap smear is one of the most essential ways of diagnosing and screening for this malignancy, and any failure can be caused by a number of causes. The current study sought to investigate barriers to Pap smear in Iranian women. METHOD: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Data was gathered through focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews with 32 women and health professionals. The interviewees were chosen using a combination of purposive and theoretical sampling. The data was then analyzed using the content analysis approach developed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln's criteria for establishing trustworthiness were explored. RESULTS: Data analysis resulted in the identification of four primary categories, seventeen subcategories, and 186 original concepts. The main categories include weakness of health system, difficult accessibility, low health literacy, and socio-cultural factors. CONCLUSION: By informing women about the necessity and importance of Pap smear, providing the conditions, facilities, and equipment to facilitate the testing process, and paying more attention to cultural and social factors in cervical cancer and Pap smear planning, interventions, and policies, barriers to Pap testing can be eliminated. BioMed Central 2021-08-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8348840/ /pubmed/34362366 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01428-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research Article
Marashi, Tayebeh
Irandoost, Seyed Fahim
Yoosefi Lebni, Javad
Soofizad, Goli
Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title_full Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title_fullStr Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title_short Exploring the barriers to Pap smear test in Iranian women: a qualitative study
title_sort exploring the barriers to pap smear test in iranian women: a qualitative study
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348840/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362366
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01428-9
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