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Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini
Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase biological complexity and are responsible for orders of magnitude change between the variety of proteins encoded in the ge...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8358657/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34395449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.719590 |
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author | Chen, Li Kashina, Anna |
author_facet | Chen, Li Kashina, Anna |
author_sort | Chen, Li |
collection | PubMed |
description | Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase biological complexity and are responsible for orders of magnitude change between the variety of proteins encoded in the genome and the variety of their biological functions. Many of these modifications occur at the protein termini, which contain reactive amino- and carboxy-groups of the polypeptide chain and often are pre-primed through the actions of cellular machinery to expose highly reactive residues. Such modifications have been known for decades, but only a few of them have been functionally characterized. The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N- and C-terminally modified by acetylation, arginylation, tyrosination, lipidation, and many others. Post-translational modifications of the protein termini have been linked to different normal and disease-related processes and constitute a rapidly emerging area of biological regulation. Here we highlight recent progress in our understanding of post-translational modifications of the protein termini and outline the role that these modifications play in vivo. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8358657 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83586572021-08-13 Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini Chen, Li Kashina, Anna Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase biological complexity and are responsible for orders of magnitude change between the variety of proteins encoded in the genome and the variety of their biological functions. Many of these modifications occur at the protein termini, which contain reactive amino- and carboxy-groups of the polypeptide chain and often are pre-primed through the actions of cellular machinery to expose highly reactive residues. Such modifications have been known for decades, but only a few of them have been functionally characterized. The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N- and C-terminally modified by acetylation, arginylation, tyrosination, lipidation, and many others. Post-translational modifications of the protein termini have been linked to different normal and disease-related processes and constitute a rapidly emerging area of biological regulation. Here we highlight recent progress in our understanding of post-translational modifications of the protein termini and outline the role that these modifications play in vivo. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-07-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8358657/ /pubmed/34395449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.719590 Text en Copyright © 2021 Chen and Kashina. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cell and Developmental Biology Chen, Li Kashina, Anna Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title | Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title_full | Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title_fullStr | Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title_full_unstemmed | Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title_short | Post-translational Modifications of the Protein Termini |
title_sort | post-translational modifications of the protein termini |
topic | Cell and Developmental Biology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8358657/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34395449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.719590 |
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