Rethink the patentability of human embryonic stem cell research findings: Relaxation based on benefit weighing

Attitudes toward the patentability of the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research findings are undergoing dynamic adjustment based on benefit weighing. In the early stage, ethical concerns prevailed: both the United States and China placed restrictions to some extent. As the science and technologies advance, the original balance has been broken. With a series of precedents and policies, the United States relaxes the conditions on hESCs. In this regard, China has established several rules mainly through patent examination practices. These rules are finally reflected in China's revised Guidelines for Patent Examination in 2020, which clearly defines the shift in China's stance.