Is Water-Only Fasting Safe?

BACKGROUND: Water-only fasting (WF) is a practice used to improve and maintain health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to show whether WF performed for 8 days may be a threat to the health and/or life of people undergoing this practice. METHODS: Twelve middle-aged men participated in the study. During the 8-day WF, the subjects ate no food except for drinking mineral water. Before and after WF, all subjects had a series of tests performed, beginning with the level of perceived stress and somatic measurements. The concentrations of creatinine, sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), total calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg(++)), urea (U), uric acid (UA) and total protein were determined in this urine and in the serum. For these substances, the values ​​of clearance, renal filtration and fractional excretion were calculated. The osmotic clearance and free water clearance as well as the amount of daily urinary excretion of creatinine, Na(+), K(+), Ca, Mg(++), U and UA were also calculated. Moreover, the concentration of glucose in the serum and the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma were determined. In urine, specific gravity, pH and osmolality were also measured. RESULTS: After 8 days of WF, the study showed a significant reduction in the level of perceived stress, weight loss, changes in body composition, dehydration, increased ketogenesis, hyperuricemia, decreased serum glucose concentration, and hyponatremia. These changes were accompanied by Na(+), K(+) and protein sparing, decreased serum Ca and Mg(++) concentrations, and reduced daily volume of more acidic urine with elevated specific gravity. CONCLUSIONS: After 8 days of WF, all subjects were found to remain safe and feel the sense of well-being. However, the appearance of the above-mentioned adverse metabolic effects, despite partially effective renal compensations, suggests that the further continuation of fasting intervention by the subjects would be detrimental to their body.