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Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years
BACKGROUND: While valid and reliable olfactory tests have been developed for children aged >5 years, olfactory testing has not systematically been evaluated in younger children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the “U-Sniff” odor identification test in childre...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group US
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370871/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32712626 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1083-3 |
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author | Schriever, Valentin A. Zscheile, Liesa Gellrich, Janine Hummel, Thomas |
author_facet | Schriever, Valentin A. Zscheile, Liesa Gellrich, Janine Hummel, Thomas |
author_sort | Schriever, Valentin A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: While valid and reliable olfactory tests have been developed for children aged >5 years, olfactory testing has not systematically been evaluated in younger children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the “U-Sniff” odor identification test in children aged 3–6 years. METHODS: We included 160 healthy children (age range 3–6 years) and 14 congenitally anosmic children. Participants were investigated in two identical sessions. The “U-Sniff” test was used to evaluate olfactory function. A picture identification test (PIT) and the Kasel-Concentration-Task (KKA) were administered to identify factors influencing odor identification performance. RESULTS: Age significantly influenced odor identification performance, with older children achieving higher scores. PIT and KKA scores correlated positively with odor identification scores. The “U-Sniff” test demonstrated a high test–retest reliability (r(160) = 0.75, p < 0.001). It was possible to distinguish between healthy and anosmic children by means of “U-Sniff” scores starting at age 4 years with high sensitivity (79–93%) and specificity (88–95%). CONCLUSIONS: The “U-Sniff” test is feasible for children starting at age 3 years. In children aged ≥4 years, it is a reliable and valid method to distinguish between normal olfactory function and anosmia. IMPACT: Olfactory testing is reliable and valid starting at an age of 4 years. The study adds a systematic evaluation of olfactory testing in young children. Results of this study are especially interesting for clinicians in the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8370871 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group US |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83708712021-09-02 Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years Schriever, Valentin A. Zscheile, Liesa Gellrich, Janine Hummel, Thomas Pediatr Res Population Study Article BACKGROUND: While valid and reliable olfactory tests have been developed for children aged >5 years, olfactory testing has not systematically been evaluated in younger children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the “U-Sniff” odor identification test in children aged 3–6 years. METHODS: We included 160 healthy children (age range 3–6 years) and 14 congenitally anosmic children. Participants were investigated in two identical sessions. The “U-Sniff” test was used to evaluate olfactory function. A picture identification test (PIT) and the Kasel-Concentration-Task (KKA) were administered to identify factors influencing odor identification performance. RESULTS: Age significantly influenced odor identification performance, with older children achieving higher scores. PIT and KKA scores correlated positively with odor identification scores. The “U-Sniff” test demonstrated a high test–retest reliability (r(160) = 0.75, p < 0.001). It was possible to distinguish between healthy and anosmic children by means of “U-Sniff” scores starting at age 4 years with high sensitivity (79–93%) and specificity (88–95%). CONCLUSIONS: The “U-Sniff” test is feasible for children starting at age 3 years. In children aged ≥4 years, it is a reliable and valid method to distinguish between normal olfactory function and anosmia. IMPACT: Olfactory testing is reliable and valid starting at an age of 4 years. The study adds a systematic evaluation of olfactory testing in young children. Results of this study are especially interesting for clinicians in the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction. Nature Publishing Group US 2020-07-26 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8370871/ /pubmed/32712626 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1083-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2020, corrected publication 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Population Study Article Schriever, Valentin A. Zscheile, Liesa Gellrich, Janine Hummel, Thomas Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title | Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title_full | Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title_fullStr | Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title_full_unstemmed | Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title_short | Odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
title_sort | odor identification performance in children aged 3–6 years |
topic | Population Study Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370871/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32712626 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1083-3 |
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