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The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling ele...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371318/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421911 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779 |
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author | Audrito, Valentina Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca Brandimarte, Lorenzo Deaglio, Silvia |
author_facet | Audrito, Valentina Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca Brandimarte, Lorenzo Deaglio, Silvia |
author_sort | Audrito, Valentina |
collection | PubMed |
description | The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling electrons between oxidized and reduced forms. However, recent data indicate that NAD, along with its biosynthetic and degrading enzymes, has a life outside of cells, possibly linked to immuno-modulating non-enzymatic activities. Extracellular NAD can engage puriginergic receptors triggering an inflammatory response, similar - to a certain extent – to what described for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Likewise, NAD biosynthetic and degrading enzymes have been amply reported in the extracellular space, where they possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Modulation of these enzymes has been described in several acute and chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. In this review, the role of the extracellular NADome will be discussed, focusing on its proposed role in immunomodulation, together with the different strategies for its targeting and their potential therapeutic impact. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8371318 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83713182021-08-19 The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses Audrito, Valentina Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca Brandimarte, Lorenzo Deaglio, Silvia Front Immunol Immunology The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling electrons between oxidized and reduced forms. However, recent data indicate that NAD, along with its biosynthetic and degrading enzymes, has a life outside of cells, possibly linked to immuno-modulating non-enzymatic activities. Extracellular NAD can engage puriginergic receptors triggering an inflammatory response, similar - to a certain extent – to what described for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Likewise, NAD biosynthetic and degrading enzymes have been amply reported in the extracellular space, where they possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Modulation of these enzymes has been described in several acute and chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. In this review, the role of the extracellular NADome will be discussed, focusing on its proposed role in immunomodulation, together with the different strategies for its targeting and their potential therapeutic impact. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8371318/ /pubmed/34421911 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779 Text en Copyright © 2021 Audrito, Messana, Brandimarte and Deaglio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Audrito, Valentina Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca Brandimarte, Lorenzo Deaglio, Silvia The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title | The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title_full | The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title_fullStr | The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title_full_unstemmed | The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title_short | The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses |
title_sort | extracellular nadome modulates immune responses |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371318/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421911 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779 |
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