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The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses

The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling ele...

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Autores principales: Audrito, Valentina, Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca, Brandimarte, Lorenzo, Deaglio, Silvia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371318/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421911
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779
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author Audrito, Valentina
Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca
Brandimarte, Lorenzo
Deaglio, Silvia
author_facet Audrito, Valentina
Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca
Brandimarte, Lorenzo
Deaglio, Silvia
author_sort Audrito, Valentina
collection PubMed
description The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling electrons between oxidized and reduced forms. However, recent data indicate that NAD, along with its biosynthetic and degrading enzymes, has a life outside of cells, possibly linked to immuno-modulating non-enzymatic activities. Extracellular NAD can engage puriginergic receptors triggering an inflammatory response, similar - to a certain extent – to what described for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Likewise, NAD biosynthetic and degrading enzymes have been amply reported in the extracellular space, where they possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Modulation of these enzymes has been described in several acute and chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. In this review, the role of the extracellular NADome will be discussed, focusing on its proposed role in immunomodulation, together with the different strategies for its targeting and their potential therapeutic impact.
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spelling pubmed-83713182021-08-19 The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses Audrito, Valentina Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca Brandimarte, Lorenzo Deaglio, Silvia Front Immunol Immunology The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling electrons between oxidized and reduced forms. However, recent data indicate that NAD, along with its biosynthetic and degrading enzymes, has a life outside of cells, possibly linked to immuno-modulating non-enzymatic activities. Extracellular NAD can engage puriginergic receptors triggering an inflammatory response, similar - to a certain extent – to what described for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Likewise, NAD biosynthetic and degrading enzymes have been amply reported in the extracellular space, where they possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Modulation of these enzymes has been described in several acute and chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. In this review, the role of the extracellular NADome will be discussed, focusing on its proposed role in immunomodulation, together with the different strategies for its targeting and their potential therapeutic impact. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8371318/ /pubmed/34421911 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779 Text en Copyright © 2021 Audrito, Messana, Brandimarte and Deaglio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Audrito, Valentina
Messana, Vincenzo Gianluca
Brandimarte, Lorenzo
Deaglio, Silvia
The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title_full The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title_fullStr The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title_full_unstemmed The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title_short The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses
title_sort extracellular nadome modulates immune responses
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371318/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34421911
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779
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