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Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia

BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock). Several studies have indicated that age, sex, site of capture, starvation and microbiome symbionts, among others, are important factors that influence trypanosome infection...

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Autores principales: Mweempwa, Cornelius, Chilongo, Kalinga, Hayashida, Kyoko, Namangala, Boniface
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371877/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34407870
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04907-y
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author Mweempwa, Cornelius
Chilongo, Kalinga
Hayashida, Kyoko
Namangala, Boniface
author_facet Mweempwa, Cornelius
Chilongo, Kalinga
Hayashida, Kyoko
Namangala, Boniface
author_sort Mweempwa, Cornelius
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock). Several studies have indicated that age, sex, site of capture, starvation and microbiome symbionts, among others, are important factors that influence trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. However, reasons for a higher infection rate in females than in males still largely remain unknown. Considering that tsetse species and sexes of larger body size are the most mobile and the most available to stationary baits, it was hypothesized in this study that the higher trypanosome prevalence in female than in male tsetse flies was a consequence of females being larger than males. METHODS: Black screen fly rounds and Epsilon traps were used to collect tsetse flies in eastern Zambia. Measurement of wing vein length and examination for presence of trypanosomes in the flies were carried out by microscopy. Principal component method was carried out to assess the potential of wing vein length as a predictor variable. The multilevel binary logistic regression method was applied on whole data, one-method data and one-sex data sets to evaluate the hypothesis. RESULTS: Data derived from a total of 2195 Glossina morsitans morsitans were evaluated (1491 males and 704 females). The wing length variable contributed the highest variance percentage (39.2%) to the first principal component. The variable showed significant influence on prevalence of trypanosomes when the analysis was applied on the whole data set, with the log odds for the prevalence of trypanosomes significantly increasing by 0.1 (P  =  0.032), per unit increase in wing length. Females had higher trypanosome prevalence rates than males, though not always significant. Furthermore, moving from females to males, wing length significantly reduced by 0.2 (P  <  0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that wing length is an important predictor variable for trypanosome prevalence in Glossina morsitans morsitans and could partially explain the higher prevalence of trypanosomes in females than in males. However, reasonably representative population data are required for analysis—a serious challenge with the current tsetse sampling methods. Thus, analysis combining data from mobile and stationary methods that include both sexes' data could be useful to verify this hypothesis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04907-y.
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spelling pubmed-83718772021-08-19 Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia Mweempwa, Cornelius Chilongo, Kalinga Hayashida, Kyoko Namangala, Boniface Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) transmit trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock). Several studies have indicated that age, sex, site of capture, starvation and microbiome symbionts, among others, are important factors that influence trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. However, reasons for a higher infection rate in females than in males still largely remain unknown. Considering that tsetse species and sexes of larger body size are the most mobile and the most available to stationary baits, it was hypothesized in this study that the higher trypanosome prevalence in female than in male tsetse flies was a consequence of females being larger than males. METHODS: Black screen fly rounds and Epsilon traps were used to collect tsetse flies in eastern Zambia. Measurement of wing vein length and examination for presence of trypanosomes in the flies were carried out by microscopy. Principal component method was carried out to assess the potential of wing vein length as a predictor variable. The multilevel binary logistic regression method was applied on whole data, one-method data and one-sex data sets to evaluate the hypothesis. RESULTS: Data derived from a total of 2195 Glossina morsitans morsitans were evaluated (1491 males and 704 females). The wing length variable contributed the highest variance percentage (39.2%) to the first principal component. The variable showed significant influence on prevalence of trypanosomes when the analysis was applied on the whole data set, with the log odds for the prevalence of trypanosomes significantly increasing by 0.1 (P  =  0.032), per unit increase in wing length. Females had higher trypanosome prevalence rates than males, though not always significant. Furthermore, moving from females to males, wing length significantly reduced by 0.2 (P  <  0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that wing length is an important predictor variable for trypanosome prevalence in Glossina morsitans morsitans and could partially explain the higher prevalence of trypanosomes in females than in males. However, reasonably representative population data are required for analysis—a serious challenge with the current tsetse sampling methods. Thus, analysis combining data from mobile and stationary methods that include both sexes' data could be useful to verify this hypothesis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04907-y. BioMed Central 2021-08-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8371877/ /pubmed/34407870 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04907-y Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Mweempwa, Cornelius
Chilongo, Kalinga
Hayashida, Kyoko
Namangala, Boniface
Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title_full Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title_fullStr Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title_full_unstemmed Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title_short Effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern Zambia
title_sort effect of wing length on the prevalence of trypanosomes in glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern zambia
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371877/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34407870
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04907-y
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