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Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the cost of care associated with different kinds of healthcare providers is necessary for informing the policy debates in mixed health-systems like India’s. Existing studies reporting Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) per episode of outpatient care in public and private pr...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34407808 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06777-7 |
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author | Garg, Samir Tripathi, Narayan Ranjan, Alok Bebarta, Kirtti Kumar |
author_facet | Garg, Samir Tripathi, Narayan Ranjan, Alok Bebarta, Kirtti Kumar |
author_sort | Garg, Samir |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Understanding the cost of care associated with different kinds of healthcare providers is necessary for informing the policy debates in mixed health-systems like India’s. Existing studies reporting Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) per episode of outpatient care in public and private providers in India do not provide a fair comparison because they have not taken into account the government subsidies received by public facilities. Public and private health insurance in India do not cover outpatient care and for-profit providers have to meet all their costs out of the payments they take from patients. METHODS: The average direct cost per acute episode of outpatient care was compared for public providers, for-profit formal providers and informal private providers in Chhattisgarh state of India. For public facilities, government subsidies for various inputs were taken into account. Resources used were apportioned using Activity Based Costing. Land provided free to public facilities was counted at market prices. The study used two datasets: a) household survey on outpatient utilisation and OOPE b) facility survey of public providers to find the input costs borne by government per outpatient-episode. RESULTS: The average cost per episode of outpatient care was Indian Rupees (INR) 400 for public providers, INR 586 for informal private providers and INR 2643 for formal for-profit providers and they managed 39.3, 37.9 and 22.9% of episodes respectively. The average cost for government and households put together was greater for using formal for-profit providers than the public providers. The disease profile of care handled by different types of providers was similar. Volume of patients and human-resources were key cost drivers in public facilities. Close to community providers involved less cost than others. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The findings have implications for the desired mix of public and private providers in India’s health-system. Poor regulation of for-profit providers was an important structural cost driver. Purchasing outpatient care from private providers may not reduce average cost. Policies to strengthen public provisioning of curative primary care close to communities can help in reducing cost. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06777-7. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8375109 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83751092021-08-19 Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India Garg, Samir Tripathi, Narayan Ranjan, Alok Bebarta, Kirtti Kumar BMC Health Serv Res Research INTRODUCTION: Understanding the cost of care associated with different kinds of healthcare providers is necessary for informing the policy debates in mixed health-systems like India’s. Existing studies reporting Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) per episode of outpatient care in public and private providers in India do not provide a fair comparison because they have not taken into account the government subsidies received by public facilities. Public and private health insurance in India do not cover outpatient care and for-profit providers have to meet all their costs out of the payments they take from patients. METHODS: The average direct cost per acute episode of outpatient care was compared for public providers, for-profit formal providers and informal private providers in Chhattisgarh state of India. For public facilities, government subsidies for various inputs were taken into account. Resources used were apportioned using Activity Based Costing. Land provided free to public facilities was counted at market prices. The study used two datasets: a) household survey on outpatient utilisation and OOPE b) facility survey of public providers to find the input costs borne by government per outpatient-episode. RESULTS: The average cost per episode of outpatient care was Indian Rupees (INR) 400 for public providers, INR 586 for informal private providers and INR 2643 for formal for-profit providers and they managed 39.3, 37.9 and 22.9% of episodes respectively. The average cost for government and households put together was greater for using formal for-profit providers than the public providers. The disease profile of care handled by different types of providers was similar. Volume of patients and human-resources were key cost drivers in public facilities. Close to community providers involved less cost than others. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The findings have implications for the desired mix of public and private providers in India’s health-system. Poor regulation of for-profit providers was an important structural cost driver. Purchasing outpatient care from private providers may not reduce average cost. Policies to strengthen public provisioning of curative primary care close to communities can help in reducing cost. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06777-7. BioMed Central 2021-08-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8375109/ /pubmed/34407808 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06777-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Garg, Samir Tripathi, Narayan Ranjan, Alok Bebarta, Kirtti Kumar Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title | Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title_full | Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title_fullStr | Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title_short | Comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in India |
title_sort | comparing the average cost of outpatient care of public and for-profit private providers in india |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375109/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34407808 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06777-7 |
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