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Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications

The term “Epigenetics” includes mechanisms by which genetic expression is altered without a change in the underlying DNA sequence. The changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms are inheritable and are one way in direction (irreversible) and also explains why there is differences in genetic expressions...

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Autores principales: Yamunadevi, Andamuthu, Pratibha, Ramani, Rajmohan, Muthusamy, Mahendraperumal, Sengottaiyan, Ganapathy, Nalliappan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375876/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34447105
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_771_20
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author Yamunadevi, Andamuthu
Pratibha, Ramani
Rajmohan, Muthusamy
Mahendraperumal, Sengottaiyan
Ganapathy, Nalliappan
author_facet Yamunadevi, Andamuthu
Pratibha, Ramani
Rajmohan, Muthusamy
Mahendraperumal, Sengottaiyan
Ganapathy, Nalliappan
author_sort Yamunadevi, Andamuthu
collection PubMed
description The term “Epigenetics” includes mechanisms by which genetic expression is altered without a change in the underlying DNA sequence. The changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms are inheritable and are one way in direction (irreversible) and also explains why there is differences in genetic expressions of monozygotic twins. The epigenetic mechanisms alter the genetic expressions through DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histone, and noncoding RNAs. DNA methylation and histone PTMs cause relaxation or condensation of chromatin units. The epigenetic actions of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small interfering RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs act by modifying transcription factors or by degrading target messenger RNAs and their translation factors. Various pathologies and environmental factors cause changes in the cellular epigenetic mechanisms and the epigenetic alterations occurring in diabetes mellitus (DM) are reviewed. DM causes hemodynamic changes and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. These changes induce oxidative stress and activate intracellular signaling and kinases in the target cells. Epigenetic alterations cause chromatin remodeling and altered gene expression leading to inflammation, proliferation, atrophy, hypertrophy, etc.; thereby, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, vasculitis result in the corresponding target organ. When these epigenetic alterations persist for a longer period without intervention, the target cells attain “metabolic memory” meaning that these epigenetic mutations cannot be reversed even after attaining normal blood glucose levels. Thus, epigenetics, an insightful and efficient tool in genomic research, has started crawling into the research arena and needs to reach leaps and bounds for the better understanding of health and diseases.
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spelling pubmed-83758762021-08-25 Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications Yamunadevi, Andamuthu Pratibha, Ramani Rajmohan, Muthusamy Mahendraperumal, Sengottaiyan Ganapathy, Nalliappan J Pharm Bioallied Sci Original Article The term “Epigenetics” includes mechanisms by which genetic expression is altered without a change in the underlying DNA sequence. The changes caused by epigenetic mechanisms are inheritable and are one way in direction (irreversible) and also explains why there is differences in genetic expressions of monozygotic twins. The epigenetic mechanisms alter the genetic expressions through DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histone, and noncoding RNAs. DNA methylation and histone PTMs cause relaxation or condensation of chromatin units. The epigenetic actions of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, small interfering RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs act by modifying transcription factors or by degrading target messenger RNAs and their translation factors. Various pathologies and environmental factors cause changes in the cellular epigenetic mechanisms and the epigenetic alterations occurring in diabetes mellitus (DM) are reviewed. DM causes hemodynamic changes and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. These changes induce oxidative stress and activate intracellular signaling and kinases in the target cells. Epigenetic alterations cause chromatin remodeling and altered gene expression leading to inflammation, proliferation, atrophy, hypertrophy, etc.; thereby, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, vasculitis result in the corresponding target organ. When these epigenetic alterations persist for a longer period without intervention, the target cells attain “metabolic memory” meaning that these epigenetic mutations cannot be reversed even after attaining normal blood glucose levels. Thus, epigenetics, an insightful and efficient tool in genomic research, has started crawling into the research arena and needs to reach leaps and bounds for the better understanding of health and diseases. Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 2021-06 2021-06-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8375876/ /pubmed/34447105 http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_771_20 Text en Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
spellingShingle Original Article
Yamunadevi, Andamuthu
Pratibha, Ramani
Rajmohan, Muthusamy
Mahendraperumal, Sengottaiyan
Ganapathy, Nalliappan
Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title_full Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title_fullStr Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title_full_unstemmed Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title_short Basics of Epigenetics and Role of Epigenetics in Diabetic Complications
title_sort basics of epigenetics and role of epigenetics in diabetic complications
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375876/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34447105
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_771_20
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