In vivo biocompatibility and degradability of a Zn–Mg–Fe alloy osteosynthesis system

Zinc is generally considered to be one of the most promising materials to be used in biodegradable implants, and many zinc alloys have been optimized to improve implant biocompatibility, degradation, and mechanical properties. However, long-term degradation leads to the prolonged presence of degradation products, which risks foreign body reactions. Herein, we investigated the in vivo biocompatibility and degradation of a biodegradable Zn–Mg–Fe alloy osteosynthesis system in the frontal bone, mandible, and femur in beagles for 1 year. Results of the routine blood, biochemical, trace element, and histological analyses of multiple organs, peripheral blood CD4/CD8a levels, and serum interleukin 2 and 4 levels showed good biocompatibility of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy. Zinc content analysis revealed zinc accumulation in adjacent bone tissue, but not in the liver, kidney, and spleen, which was related to the degradation of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy. The alloy demonstrated a uniform slowing degradation rate in vivo. No degradation differences in the frontal bone, mandible, and femur were observed. The degradation products included zinc oxide [ZnO], zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)(2)], hydrozincite [Zn(5)(OH)(6)(CO(3))(2)], and hopeite [Zn(3)(PO(4))(2)·4H(2)O]. The good biocompatibility and degradation properties of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy render it a very attractive osteosynthesis system for clinical applications.