High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A marker of COVID-19 infection severity?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To systematically address all the relevant evidence of the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and COVID-19 infection. METHODS: We searched PubMed, PubMed Central and medRxiv databases (up to May 2021) for studies related to HDL-C and COVID-19 infection. A qualitative synthesis of published prospective and retrospective studies for the role of low HDL-C levels on COVID-19 infection severity was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies (6 prospective, 27 retrospective) including 11,918 COVID-19 patients were eligible for the systematic review. Twelve studies compared HDL-C levels on admission in COVID-19 patients with healthy controls. In these 12 studies, COVID-19 patients had significantly lower HDL-C levels on admission compared with that of healthy controls. Twenty-eight studies observed the HDL-C levels among COVID-19 diagnosed patients, to establish the role of low HDL-C values in the prognosis of the infection. Twenty-four studies showed a correlation between low HDL-C levels with disease severity, while only 4 studies showed no association. CONCLUSIONS: Low HDL-C levels should be added in the list of the others well-known risk factors for COVID-19 severity.