Effort Reward Imbalance and Insomnia Among Greek Healthcare Personnel During the Outbreak of COVID-19

BACKGROUND: This study’s objective was to examine associations between insomnia as measured by Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and perceived psychological work stress among nurses and physicians working in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Greece during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: Taking into account the small but significant differences in the development of ADHD in women, this literature review aims at identifying the special characteristics of ADHD symptoms in all stages of a woman’s life from childhood to menopause. Being aware of these signs is important to provide the best quality of health care in ADHD women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 268 healthcare workers (200 nurses and 68 physicians). The 8-item version of the AIS was used to assess insomnia. Perceived psychological work stress was investigated using the 23-item Effort-reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire based on the ERI model. RESULTS: HCWS who cared for more than 5 patients and worried about personal issues had a higher insomnia score. ER-ratio and over-commitment are significantly associated with insomnia. A significant correlation was found between worries about pandemic COVID-19 and over-commitment. CONCLUSION: Since high effort-reward imbalance (ER-ratio > 1) and overcommitment were positively associated to insomnia and the treatment of more than five patients with COVID-19 infection was impacting predictor of sleep difficulties, it is necessary to implement a reward system in which physicians and nurses will work in a less stressful environment aiming at reducing personnel’s negative feelings, poor health and sleeping difficulties.