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Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Stigma is a negative feeling affecting many patients with various health conditions, especially the contagious ones such as COVID-19. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) is one of the valid and reliable stigma-measuring tools; however, it has not been translated and validated in Arabic....

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Autores principales: Al-Zamel, Lamia A., Al-Thunayan, Shatha F., Al-Rasheed, Afnan A., Alkathiri, Munirah A., Alamri, Faisal, Alqahtani, Faleh, Alali, Amer S., Almohammed, Omar A., Asiri, Yousif A., Bashatah, Adel S., AlRuthia, Yazed
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8391673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34444017
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168261
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author Al-Zamel, Lamia A.
Al-Thunayan, Shatha F.
Al-Rasheed, Afnan A.
Alkathiri, Munirah A.
Alamri, Faisal
Alqahtani, Faleh
Alali, Amer S.
Almohammed, Omar A.
Asiri, Yousif A.
Bashatah, Adel S.
AlRuthia, Yazed
author_facet Al-Zamel, Lamia A.
Al-Thunayan, Shatha F.
Al-Rasheed, Afnan A.
Alkathiri, Munirah A.
Alamri, Faisal
Alqahtani, Faleh
Alali, Amer S.
Almohammed, Omar A.
Asiri, Yousif A.
Bashatah, Adel S.
AlRuthia, Yazed
author_sort Al-Zamel, Lamia A.
collection PubMed
description Stigma is a negative feeling affecting many patients with various health conditions, especially the contagious ones such as COVID-19. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) is one of the valid and reliable stigma-measuring tools; however, it has not been translated and validated in Arabic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and validate the EMIC in Arabic among a sample of Arabic-speaking adults who recently recovered from COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. The 12 items of the EMIC scale were forward- and backward-translated and reviewed by all authors to check the face and content validity prior to approving the final version of the Arabic 12-item EMIC. A total of 174 participants aged ≥18 years who contracted COVID-19 and recovered as of 29 July 2020 were interviewed. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Arabic version of the 12-item EMIC was 0.79, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, two factors explained more than 60% of the variance of the translated EMIC scale. The mean EMIC score was 5.91, implying a low level of stigma among participants. Married participants (β = 2.93; 95%CI 0.88 to 4.98, p = 0.005) and those with a family history of mental illness (β = 2.38; 95%CI 0.29 to 4.46, p = 0.025) were more likely to have higher EMIC scores in comparison to their counterparts who were unmarried and had no family history of mental illness. On the contrary, older adults were less likely to have high EMIC scores (β = −0.11; 95%CI −0.21 to −0.01, p = 0.03). Future studies with larger samples of patients with COVID-19 and various health conditions should be conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the EMIC among different patient populations and to unveil the factors that may play a role in patients’ feelings of stigmatization in this part of the world.
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spelling pubmed-83916732021-08-28 Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia Al-Zamel, Lamia A. Al-Thunayan, Shatha F. Al-Rasheed, Afnan A. Alkathiri, Munirah A. Alamri, Faisal Alqahtani, Faleh Alali, Amer S. Almohammed, Omar A. Asiri, Yousif A. Bashatah, Adel S. AlRuthia, Yazed Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Stigma is a negative feeling affecting many patients with various health conditions, especially the contagious ones such as COVID-19. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) is one of the valid and reliable stigma-measuring tools; however, it has not been translated and validated in Arabic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and validate the EMIC in Arabic among a sample of Arabic-speaking adults who recently recovered from COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. The 12 items of the EMIC scale were forward- and backward-translated and reviewed by all authors to check the face and content validity prior to approving the final version of the Arabic 12-item EMIC. A total of 174 participants aged ≥18 years who contracted COVID-19 and recovered as of 29 July 2020 were interviewed. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Arabic version of the 12-item EMIC was 0.79, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, two factors explained more than 60% of the variance of the translated EMIC scale. The mean EMIC score was 5.91, implying a low level of stigma among participants. Married participants (β = 2.93; 95%CI 0.88 to 4.98, p = 0.005) and those with a family history of mental illness (β = 2.38; 95%CI 0.29 to 4.46, p = 0.025) were more likely to have higher EMIC scores in comparison to their counterparts who were unmarried and had no family history of mental illness. On the contrary, older adults were less likely to have high EMIC scores (β = −0.11; 95%CI −0.21 to −0.01, p = 0.03). Future studies with larger samples of patients with COVID-19 and various health conditions should be conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the EMIC among different patient populations and to unveil the factors that may play a role in patients’ feelings of stigmatization in this part of the world. MDPI 2021-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8391673/ /pubmed/34444017 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168261 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Al-Zamel, Lamia A.
Al-Thunayan, Shatha F.
Al-Rasheed, Afnan A.
Alkathiri, Munirah A.
Alamri, Faisal
Alqahtani, Faleh
Alali, Amer S.
Almohammed, Omar A.
Asiri, Yousif A.
Bashatah, Adel S.
AlRuthia, Yazed
Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title_full Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title_fullStr Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title_full_unstemmed Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title_short Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
title_sort validation and cultural adaptation of explanatory model interview catalogue (emic) in assessing stigma among recovered patients with covid-19 in saudi arabia
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8391673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34444017
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168261
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