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Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach
Mancozeb (MZ) and zoxamide (ZOX) are fungicides commonly used in pest control programs to protect vineyards. Their toxic and genotoxic potential were investigated in vitro on HepG2 and A549 cell lines at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis and intracellular rea...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8392283/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34444340 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591 |
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author | Lori, Gabriele Tassinari, Roberta Narciso, Laura Udroiu, Ion Sgura, Antonella Maranghi, Francesca Tait, Sabrina |
author_facet | Lori, Gabriele Tassinari, Roberta Narciso, Laura Udroiu, Ion Sgura, Antonella Maranghi, Francesca Tait, Sabrina |
author_sort | Lori, Gabriele |
collection | PubMed |
description | Mancozeb (MZ) and zoxamide (ZOX) are fungicides commonly used in pest control programs to protect vineyards. Their toxic and genotoxic potential were investigated in vitro on HepG2 and A549 cell lines at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), comet assay and a micronucleus test with CREST immunofluorescence were used. The expression of a panel of genes involved in apoptosis/necrosis (BAX/BCL2), oxidative stress (NRF2), drug metabolism (CYP1A1) and DNA repair (ERCC1/OGG1) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Both fungicides were cytotoxic at the highest tested concentrations (295.7 and 463.4 µM, respectively); MZ induced necrosis, ZOX did not increase apoptosis but modulated BAX and BCL2 expression, suggesting a different mechanism. Both compounds did not increase ROS, but the induction of CYP1A1 and NRF2 expression supported a pro-oxidant mechanism. The comet assay evidenced MZ genotoxicity, whereas no DNA damage due to ZOX treatment was observed. Positive micronuclei were increased in both cell lines treated with MZ and ZOX, supporting their aneugenic potential. ERCC1 and OGG1 were differently modulated, indicating the efficient activation of the nucleotide excision repair system by both fungicides and the inhibition of the base excision repair system by MZ. Overall, MZ confirmed its toxicity and new ZOX-relevant effects were highlighted. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8392283 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83922832021-08-28 Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach Lori, Gabriele Tassinari, Roberta Narciso, Laura Udroiu, Ion Sgura, Antonella Maranghi, Francesca Tait, Sabrina Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Mancozeb (MZ) and zoxamide (ZOX) are fungicides commonly used in pest control programs to protect vineyards. Their toxic and genotoxic potential were investigated in vitro on HepG2 and A549 cell lines at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), comet assay and a micronucleus test with CREST immunofluorescence were used. The expression of a panel of genes involved in apoptosis/necrosis (BAX/BCL2), oxidative stress (NRF2), drug metabolism (CYP1A1) and DNA repair (ERCC1/OGG1) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Both fungicides were cytotoxic at the highest tested concentrations (295.7 and 463.4 µM, respectively); MZ induced necrosis, ZOX did not increase apoptosis but modulated BAX and BCL2 expression, suggesting a different mechanism. Both compounds did not increase ROS, but the induction of CYP1A1 and NRF2 expression supported a pro-oxidant mechanism. The comet assay evidenced MZ genotoxicity, whereas no DNA damage due to ZOX treatment was observed. Positive micronuclei were increased in both cell lines treated with MZ and ZOX, supporting their aneugenic potential. ERCC1 and OGG1 were differently modulated, indicating the efficient activation of the nucleotide excision repair system by both fungicides and the inhibition of the base excision repair system by MZ. Overall, MZ confirmed its toxicity and new ZOX-relevant effects were highlighted. MDPI 2021-08-14 /pmc/articles/PMC8392283/ /pubmed/34444340 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Lori, Gabriele Tassinari, Roberta Narciso, Laura Udroiu, Ion Sgura, Antonella Maranghi, Francesca Tait, Sabrina Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title | Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title_full | Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title_fullStr | Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title_full_unstemmed | Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title_short | Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach |
title_sort | toxicological comparison of mancozeb and zoxamide fungicides at environmentally relevant concentrations by an in vitro approach |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8392283/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34444340 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591 |
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