Dramatic Course of Paediatric Cryptogenic Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome with Unusual Chronic Phase Presentation—A Case Report with Literature Study

Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic, extremely rare epileptic encephalopathy. It strikes previously healthy school-aged children and is usually cryptogenic. Its dramatic onset with refractory status epilepticus is always preceded by a nonspecific febrile illness. The seizure activity in FIRES may last for several weeks with little to no response to antiepileptic treatment, usually resulting in the usage of anaesthetics. This acute phase is followed by a chronic, refractory epilepsy and cognitive deficit, that persist for the rest of the patient’s life. Still to this day no definite cause has been described. In this study we review the current finding in FIRES and describe a case of a 4-year-old patient with a dramatic course of the acute phase in FIRES and unusual presentation of the chronic phase, which is dominated by extrapyramidal symptoms such as dystonia. This case highlights that the clinical presentation of FIRES may differ from those frequently described in literature.