Association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cavity cancer risk in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The impact of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use on the risk of oral cavity cancer (OCC) has been confirmed; however, the sex-based difference in this association remains inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the association between SLT use and OCC risk in women and compared it to that in men. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for eligible studies from their inception up to August 2020. Studies reporting the effect estimates of SLT use on OCC risk in men and women, were eligible for inclusion. The relative risk ratio (RRR) was applied to calculate the sex-based difference in the relationship between SLT use and OCC risk, and pooled analysis was conducted using a random-effects model with inverse variance weighting. RESULTS: Nineteen studies reporting a total of 6593 OCC cases were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk (RR) suggested that SLT use was associated with an increased risk of OCC in both men (RR, 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05–4.20; P < 0.001) and women (RR, 6.39; 95%CI, 3.16–12.93; P < 0.001). Moreover, the SLT-use-related risk of OCC was higher in women than that in men (RRR,1.79; 95%C, 1.21–2.64; P = 0.003). The risk of OCC related to SLT use in women was still significantly higher than that in men (RRR, 1.75; 95%CI, 1.15–2.66; P = 0.008) after excluding indirect comparison results. Finally, a subgroup analysis suggested significant sex-based differences only in individuals who received chewed smokeless products, regardless of the control definition. Pooled analysis of studies with high design quality confirmed the notably higher risk of OCC in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that SLT use was associated with a higher risk of OCC in women than in men. Further large-scale prospective cohort studies should be conducted to verify sex-based differences in the association between use of specific smokeless products and OCC risk.