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Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as a condition in which a large volume of skeletal muscle is lost due to physical insult. VML often results in a heightened immune response, resulting in significant long-term functional impairment. Estimates indicate that ~250,000 fractures occur in the US al...

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Autores principales: Kiran, Sonia, Dwivedi, Pankaj, Kumar, Vijay, Price, Robert L., Singh, Udai P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394423/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34440785
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082016
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author Kiran, Sonia
Dwivedi, Pankaj
Kumar, Vijay
Price, Robert L.
Singh, Udai P.
author_facet Kiran, Sonia
Dwivedi, Pankaj
Kumar, Vijay
Price, Robert L.
Singh, Udai P.
author_sort Kiran, Sonia
collection PubMed
description Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as a condition in which a large volume of skeletal muscle is lost due to physical insult. VML often results in a heightened immune response, resulting in significant long-term functional impairment. Estimates indicate that ~250,000 fractures occur in the US alone that involve VML. Currently, there is no active treatment to fully recover or repair muscle loss in VML patients. The health economics burden due to VML is rapidly increasing around the world. Immunologists, developmental biologists, and muscle pathophysiologists are exploring both immune responses and biomaterials to meet this challenging situation. The inflammatory response in muscle injury involves a non-specific inflammatory response at the injured site that is coordination between the immune system, especially macrophages and muscle. The potential role of biomaterials in the regenerative process of skeletal muscle injury is currently an important topic. To this end, cell therapy holds great promise for the regeneration of damaged muscle following VML. However, the delivery of cells into the injured muscle site poses a major challenge as it might cause an adverse immune response or inflammation. To overcome this obstacle, in recent years various biomaterials with diverse physical and chemical nature have been developed and verified for the treatment of various muscle injuries. These biomaterials, with desired tunable physicochemical properties, can be used in combination with stem cells and growth factors to repair VML. In the current review, we focus on how various immune cells, in conjunction with biomaterials, can be used to promote muscle regeneration and, most importantly, suppress VML pathology.
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spelling pubmed-83944232021-08-28 Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss Kiran, Sonia Dwivedi, Pankaj Kumar, Vijay Price, Robert L. Singh, Udai P. Cells Review Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as a condition in which a large volume of skeletal muscle is lost due to physical insult. VML often results in a heightened immune response, resulting in significant long-term functional impairment. Estimates indicate that ~250,000 fractures occur in the US alone that involve VML. Currently, there is no active treatment to fully recover or repair muscle loss in VML patients. The health economics burden due to VML is rapidly increasing around the world. Immunologists, developmental biologists, and muscle pathophysiologists are exploring both immune responses and biomaterials to meet this challenging situation. The inflammatory response in muscle injury involves a non-specific inflammatory response at the injured site that is coordination between the immune system, especially macrophages and muscle. The potential role of biomaterials in the regenerative process of skeletal muscle injury is currently an important topic. To this end, cell therapy holds great promise for the regeneration of damaged muscle following VML. However, the delivery of cells into the injured muscle site poses a major challenge as it might cause an adverse immune response or inflammation. To overcome this obstacle, in recent years various biomaterials with diverse physical and chemical nature have been developed and verified for the treatment of various muscle injuries. These biomaterials, with desired tunable physicochemical properties, can be used in combination with stem cells and growth factors to repair VML. In the current review, we focus on how various immune cells, in conjunction with biomaterials, can be used to promote muscle regeneration and, most importantly, suppress VML pathology. MDPI 2021-08-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8394423/ /pubmed/34440785 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082016 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Kiran, Sonia
Dwivedi, Pankaj
Kumar, Vijay
Price, Robert L.
Singh, Udai P.
Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title_full Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title_fullStr Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title_full_unstemmed Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title_short Immunomodulation and Biomaterials: Key Players to Repair Volumetric Muscle Loss
title_sort immunomodulation and biomaterials: key players to repair volumetric muscle loss
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394423/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34440785
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082016
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