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Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms

Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environme...

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Autores principales: Sanhueza, Nataly, Fuentes, Ricardo, Aguilar, Andrea, Carnicero, Beatriz, Vega, Karina, Muñoz, David, Contreras, David, Moreno, Nataly, Troncoso, Eduardo, Mercado, Luis, Morales-Lange, Byron, Boltana, Sebastian
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396262/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34445566
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168860
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author Sanhueza, Nataly
Fuentes, Ricardo
Aguilar, Andrea
Carnicero, Beatriz
Vega, Karina
Muñoz, David
Contreras, David
Moreno, Nataly
Troncoso, Eduardo
Mercado, Luis
Morales-Lange, Byron
Boltana, Sebastian
author_facet Sanhueza, Nataly
Fuentes, Ricardo
Aguilar, Andrea
Carnicero, Beatriz
Vega, Karina
Muñoz, David
Contreras, David
Moreno, Nataly
Troncoso, Eduardo
Mercado, Luis
Morales-Lange, Byron
Boltana, Sebastian
author_sort Sanhueza, Nataly
collection PubMed
description Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.
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spelling pubmed-83962622021-08-28 Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms Sanhueza, Nataly Fuentes, Ricardo Aguilar, Andrea Carnicero, Beatriz Vega, Karina Muñoz, David Contreras, David Moreno, Nataly Troncoso, Eduardo Mercado, Luis Morales-Lange, Byron Boltana, Sebastian Int J Mol Sci Article Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms. MDPI 2021-08-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8396262/ /pubmed/34445566 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168860 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Sanhueza, Nataly
Fuentes, Ricardo
Aguilar, Andrea
Carnicero, Beatriz
Vega, Karina
Muñoz, David
Contreras, David
Moreno, Nataly
Troncoso, Eduardo
Mercado, Luis
Morales-Lange, Byron
Boltana, Sebastian
Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title_full Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title_fullStr Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title_full_unstemmed Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title_short Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms
title_sort behavioural fever promotes an inflammatory reflex circuit in ectotherms
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396262/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34445566
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168860
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