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Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness
The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, L. pneumophila exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for compl...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396483/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34445798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169095 |
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author | Mušković, Martina Ćavar, Iva Lesar, Andrija Lončarić, Martin Malatesti, Nela Gobin, Ivana |
author_facet | Mušković, Martina Ćavar, Iva Lesar, Andrija Lončarić, Martin Malatesti, Nela Gobin, Ivana |
author_sort | Mušković, Martina |
collection | PubMed |
description | The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, L. pneumophila exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for complete eradication of L. pneumophila biofilms in water systems of interest. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method that results in an antimicrobial effect by using a combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS). In this work, the effect of PDI in waters of natural origin and of different hardness, as a treatment against L. pneumophila biofilm, was investigated. Three cationic tripyridylporphyrins, which were previously described as efficient agents against L. pneumophila alone, were used as PSs. We studied how differences in water hardness affect the PSs’ stability, the production of singlet oxygen, and the PDI activity on L. pneumophila adhesion and biofilm formation and in biofilm destruction. Amphiphilic porphyrin showed a stronger tendency for aggregation in hard and soft water, but its production of singlet oxygen was higher in comparison to tri- and tetracationic hydrophilic porphyrins that were stable in all water samples. All three studied porphyrins were shown to be effective as PDI agents against the adhesion of the L. pneumophila to polystyrene, against biofilm formation, and in the destruction of the formed biofilm, in their micromolar concentrations. However, a higher number of dissolved ions, i.e., water hardness, generally reduced somewhat the PDI activity of all the porphyrins at all tested biofilm growth stages. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8396483 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-83964832021-08-28 Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness Mušković, Martina Ćavar, Iva Lesar, Andrija Lončarić, Martin Malatesti, Nela Gobin, Ivana Int J Mol Sci Article The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, L. pneumophila exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for complete eradication of L. pneumophila biofilms in water systems of interest. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method that results in an antimicrobial effect by using a combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS). In this work, the effect of PDI in waters of natural origin and of different hardness, as a treatment against L. pneumophila biofilm, was investigated. Three cationic tripyridylporphyrins, which were previously described as efficient agents against L. pneumophila alone, were used as PSs. We studied how differences in water hardness affect the PSs’ stability, the production of singlet oxygen, and the PDI activity on L. pneumophila adhesion and biofilm formation and in biofilm destruction. Amphiphilic porphyrin showed a stronger tendency for aggregation in hard and soft water, but its production of singlet oxygen was higher in comparison to tri- and tetracationic hydrophilic porphyrins that were stable in all water samples. All three studied porphyrins were shown to be effective as PDI agents against the adhesion of the L. pneumophila to polystyrene, against biofilm formation, and in the destruction of the formed biofilm, in their micromolar concentrations. However, a higher number of dissolved ions, i.e., water hardness, generally reduced somewhat the PDI activity of all the porphyrins at all tested biofilm growth stages. MDPI 2021-08-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8396483/ /pubmed/34445798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169095 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Mušković, Martina Ćavar, Iva Lesar, Andrija Lončarić, Martin Malatesti, Nela Gobin, Ivana Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title | Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title_full | Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title_fullStr | Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title_full_unstemmed | Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title_short | Photodynamic Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
title_sort | photodynamic inactivation of legionella pneumophila biofilm formation by cationic tetra- and tripyridylporphyrins in waters of different hardness |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8396483/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34445798 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169095 |
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