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Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management

A family history of melanoma greatly increases the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has been steadily increasing worldwide. Familial melanomas account for about 10% of all malignant melanomas and display an inheritance pattern consistent with the...

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Autores principales: Zocchi, Lamberto, Lontano, Alberto, Merli, Martina, Dika, Emi, Nagore, Eduardo, Quaglino, Pietro, Puig, Susana, Ribero, Simone
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397216/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442055
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163760
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author Zocchi, Lamberto
Lontano, Alberto
Merli, Martina
Dika, Emi
Nagore, Eduardo
Quaglino, Pietro
Puig, Susana
Ribero, Simone
author_facet Zocchi, Lamberto
Lontano, Alberto
Merli, Martina
Dika, Emi
Nagore, Eduardo
Quaglino, Pietro
Puig, Susana
Ribero, Simone
author_sort Zocchi, Lamberto
collection PubMed
description A family history of melanoma greatly increases the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has been steadily increasing worldwide. Familial melanomas account for about 10% of all malignant melanomas and display an inheritance pattern consistent with the presence of pathogenic germline mutations, among which those involving CDKN2A are the best characterized. In recent years, a growing number of genes, such as MC1R, MITF, CDK4, POT1, TERT, ACD, TERF2IP, and BAP1, have been implicated in familial melanoma. The fact that individuals harboring these germline mutations along with their close blood relatives have a higher risk of developing multiple primary melanomas as well as other internal organ malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer, makes cascade genetic testing and surveillance of these families of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, due to a polygenic inheritance mechanism involving multiple low-risk alleles, genetic modifiers, and environmental factors, it is still very difficult to predict the presence of these mutations. It is, however, known that germline mutation carriers can sometimes develop specific clinical traits, such as high atypical nevus counts and specific dermoscopic features, which could theoretically help clinicians predict the presence of these mutations in prone families. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the high- and intermediate-penetrance genes primarily linked to familial melanoma, highlighting their most frequently associated non-cutaneous malignancies and clinical/dermoscopic phenotypes.
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spelling pubmed-83972162021-08-28 Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management Zocchi, Lamberto Lontano, Alberto Merli, Martina Dika, Emi Nagore, Eduardo Quaglino, Pietro Puig, Susana Ribero, Simone J Clin Med Review A family history of melanoma greatly increases the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has been steadily increasing worldwide. Familial melanomas account for about 10% of all malignant melanomas and display an inheritance pattern consistent with the presence of pathogenic germline mutations, among which those involving CDKN2A are the best characterized. In recent years, a growing number of genes, such as MC1R, MITF, CDK4, POT1, TERT, ACD, TERF2IP, and BAP1, have been implicated in familial melanoma. The fact that individuals harboring these germline mutations along with their close blood relatives have a higher risk of developing multiple primary melanomas as well as other internal organ malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer, makes cascade genetic testing and surveillance of these families of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, due to a polygenic inheritance mechanism involving multiple low-risk alleles, genetic modifiers, and environmental factors, it is still very difficult to predict the presence of these mutations. It is, however, known that germline mutation carriers can sometimes develop specific clinical traits, such as high atypical nevus counts and specific dermoscopic features, which could theoretically help clinicians predict the presence of these mutations in prone families. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the high- and intermediate-penetrance genes primarily linked to familial melanoma, highlighting their most frequently associated non-cutaneous malignancies and clinical/dermoscopic phenotypes. MDPI 2021-08-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8397216/ /pubmed/34442055 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163760 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Zocchi, Lamberto
Lontano, Alberto
Merli, Martina
Dika, Emi
Nagore, Eduardo
Quaglino, Pietro
Puig, Susana
Ribero, Simone
Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title_full Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title_fullStr Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title_full_unstemmed Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title_short Familial Melanoma and Susceptibility Genes: A Review of the Most Common Clinical and Dermoscopic Phenotypic Aspect, Associated Malignancies and Practical Tips for Management
title_sort familial melanoma and susceptibility genes: a review of the most common clinical and dermoscopic phenotypic aspect, associated malignancies and practical tips for management
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397216/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442055
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163760
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