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The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries

Pathocoenosis and syndemics theories have emerged in the last decades meeting the frequent need of better understanding interconnections and reciprocal influences that coexistent communicable and non-communicable diseases play in a specific population. Nevertheless, the attention to pharmacokinetic...

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Autores principales: Trunfio, Mattia, Scabini, Silvia, Mornese Pinna, Simone, Rugge, Walter, Alcantarini, Chiara, Pirriatore, Veronica, Di Perri, Giovanni, Bonora, Stefano, Castelnuovo, Barbara, Calcagno, Andrea
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8399770/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442727
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081648
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author Trunfio, Mattia
Scabini, Silvia
Mornese Pinna, Simone
Rugge, Walter
Alcantarini, Chiara
Pirriatore, Veronica
Di Perri, Giovanni
Bonora, Stefano
Castelnuovo, Barbara
Calcagno, Andrea
author_facet Trunfio, Mattia
Scabini, Silvia
Mornese Pinna, Simone
Rugge, Walter
Alcantarini, Chiara
Pirriatore, Veronica
Di Perri, Giovanni
Bonora, Stefano
Castelnuovo, Barbara
Calcagno, Andrea
author_sort Trunfio, Mattia
collection PubMed
description Pathocoenosis and syndemics theories have emerged in the last decades meeting the frequent need of better understanding interconnections and reciprocal influences that coexistent communicable and non-communicable diseases play in a specific population. Nevertheless, the attention to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions of co-administered drugs for co-present diseases is to date limitedly paid to alert against detrimental pharmacological combos. Low and middle-income countries are plagued by the highest burden of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and helminthiasis, and they are experiencing an alarming rise in non-communicable disorders. In these settings, co-infections and comorbidities are common, but no tailored prescribing nor clinical trials are used to assess and exploit existing opportunities for the simultaneous and potentially synergistic treatment of intertwined diseases. Pharmacoenosis is the set of interactions that take place within a host as well as within a population due to the compresence of two or more diseases and their respective treatments. This framework should pilot integrated health programmes and routine clinical practice to face drug–drug interaction issues, avoiding negative co-administrations but also exploiting potential favourable ones to make the best out of the worst situations; still, to date, guiding data on the latter possibility is limited. Therefore, in this narrative review, we have briefly described both detrimental and favourable physiopathological interactions between HIV and other common co-occurring pathologies (malaria, tuberculosis, helminths, and cardiovascular disorders), and we have presented examples of advantageous potential pharmacological interactions among the drugs prescribed for these diseases from a pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics standpoint.
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spelling pubmed-83997702021-08-29 The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries Trunfio, Mattia Scabini, Silvia Mornese Pinna, Simone Rugge, Walter Alcantarini, Chiara Pirriatore, Veronica Di Perri, Giovanni Bonora, Stefano Castelnuovo, Barbara Calcagno, Andrea Microorganisms Review Pathocoenosis and syndemics theories have emerged in the last decades meeting the frequent need of better understanding interconnections and reciprocal influences that coexistent communicable and non-communicable diseases play in a specific population. Nevertheless, the attention to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions of co-administered drugs for co-present diseases is to date limitedly paid to alert against detrimental pharmacological combos. Low and middle-income countries are plagued by the highest burden of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and helminthiasis, and they are experiencing an alarming rise in non-communicable disorders. In these settings, co-infections and comorbidities are common, but no tailored prescribing nor clinical trials are used to assess and exploit existing opportunities for the simultaneous and potentially synergistic treatment of intertwined diseases. Pharmacoenosis is the set of interactions that take place within a host as well as within a population due to the compresence of two or more diseases and their respective treatments. This framework should pilot integrated health programmes and routine clinical practice to face drug–drug interaction issues, avoiding negative co-administrations but also exploiting potential favourable ones to make the best out of the worst situations; still, to date, guiding data on the latter possibility is limited. Therefore, in this narrative review, we have briefly described both detrimental and favourable physiopathological interactions between HIV and other common co-occurring pathologies (malaria, tuberculosis, helminths, and cardiovascular disorders), and we have presented examples of advantageous potential pharmacological interactions among the drugs prescribed for these diseases from a pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics standpoint. MDPI 2021-07-31 /pmc/articles/PMC8399770/ /pubmed/34442727 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081648 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Trunfio, Mattia
Scabini, Silvia
Mornese Pinna, Simone
Rugge, Walter
Alcantarini, Chiara
Pirriatore, Veronica
Di Perri, Giovanni
Bonora, Stefano
Castelnuovo, Barbara
Calcagno, Andrea
The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title_full The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title_fullStr The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title_full_unstemmed The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title_short The Manifesto of Pharmacoenosis: Merging HIV Pharmacology into Pathocoenosis and Syndemics in Developing Countries
title_sort manifesto of pharmacoenosis: merging hiv pharmacology into pathocoenosis and syndemics in developing countries
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8399770/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442727
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081648
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