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Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review

Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most o...

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Autores principales: Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel, Martin-Solano, Sarah, Saegerman, Claude
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8400055/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34451473
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081009
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author Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel
Martin-Solano, Sarah
Saegerman, Claude
author_facet Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel
Martin-Solano, Sarah
Saegerman, Claude
author_sort Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel
collection PubMed
description Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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spelling pubmed-84000552021-08-29 Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel Martin-Solano, Sarah Saegerman, Claude Pathogens Review Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs. MDPI 2021-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8400055/ /pubmed/34451473 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081009 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Carrillo-Bilbao, Gabriel
Martin-Solano, Sarah
Saegerman, Claude
Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title_full Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title_short Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review
title_sort zoonotic blood-borne pathogens in non-human primates in the neotropical region: a systematic review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8400055/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34451473
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081009
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