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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive stud...

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Autores principales: Natale, Gianfranco, Ryskalin, Larisa, Morucci, Gabriele, Lazzeri, Gloria, Frati, Alessandro, Fornai, Francesco
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8400095/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34440476
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080732
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author Natale, Gianfranco
Ryskalin, Larisa
Morucci, Gabriele
Lazzeri, Gloria
Frati, Alessandro
Fornai, Francesco
author_facet Natale, Gianfranco
Ryskalin, Larisa
Morucci, Gabriele
Lazzeri, Gloria
Frati, Alessandro
Fornai, Francesco
author_sort Natale, Gianfranco
collection PubMed
description The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. The second part of the study provides evidence on how these very same neurons are altered during Parkinson’s disease. In fact, although being defined as a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease features a number of degenerative alterations, which often anticipate motor symptoms. Among these, the GI tract is often involved, and for this reason, it is important to assess its normal and pathological structure. A deeper knowledge of the ENS is expected to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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spelling pubmed-84000952021-08-29 The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Natale, Gianfranco Ryskalin, Larisa Morucci, Gabriele Lazzeri, Gloria Frati, Alessandro Fornai, Francesco Life (Basel) Review The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. The second part of the study provides evidence on how these very same neurons are altered during Parkinson’s disease. In fact, although being defined as a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease features a number of degenerative alterations, which often anticipate motor symptoms. Among these, the GI tract is often involved, and for this reason, it is important to assess its normal and pathological structure. A deeper knowledge of the ENS is expected to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. MDPI 2021-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8400095/ /pubmed/34440476 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080732 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Natale, Gianfranco
Ryskalin, Larisa
Morucci, Gabriele
Lazzeri, Gloria
Frati, Alessandro
Fornai, Francesco
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title_full The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title_fullStr The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title_full_unstemmed The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title_short The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease
title_sort baseline structure of the enteric nervous system and its role in parkinson’s disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8400095/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34440476
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080732
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