Cargando…

Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species

The rise of anthropogenic activities has resulted in the increasing release of various contaminants into the environment, jeopardizing fragile ecosystems in the process. Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants that contribute to the escalating problem of environmental pollution, being primarily...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid, Khan, Maryam, Shamim, Saba
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402239/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081628
_version_ 1783745740664733696
author Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid
Khan, Maryam
Shamim, Saba
author_facet Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid
Khan, Maryam
Shamim, Saba
author_sort Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid
collection PubMed
description The rise of anthropogenic activities has resulted in the increasing release of various contaminants into the environment, jeopardizing fragile ecosystems in the process. Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants that contribute to the escalating problem of environmental pollution, being primarily introduced in sensitive ecological habitats through industrial effluents, wastewater, as well as sewage of various industries. Where heavy metals like zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel serve key roles in regulating different biological processes in living systems, many heavy metals can be toxic even at low concentrations, such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, and can accumulate in intricate food chains resulting in health concerns. Over the years, many physical and chemical methods of heavy metal removal have essentially been investigated, but their disadvantages like the generation of chemical waste, complex downstream processing, and the uneconomical cost of both methods, have rendered them inefficient,. Since then, microbial bioremediation, particularly the use of bacteria, has gained attention due to the feasibility and efficiency of using them in removing heavy metals from contaminated environments. Bacteria have several methods of processing heavy metals through general resistance mechanisms, biosorption, adsorption, and efflux mechanisms. Bacillus spp. are model Gram-positive bacteria that have been studied extensively for their biosorption abilities and molecular mechanisms that enable their survival as well as their ability to remove and detoxify heavy metals. This review aims to highlight the molecular methods of Bacillus spp. in removing various heavy metals ions from contaminated environments.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8402239
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-84022392021-08-29 Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid Khan, Maryam Shamim, Saba Microorganisms Review The rise of anthropogenic activities has resulted in the increasing release of various contaminants into the environment, jeopardizing fragile ecosystems in the process. Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants that contribute to the escalating problem of environmental pollution, being primarily introduced in sensitive ecological habitats through industrial effluents, wastewater, as well as sewage of various industries. Where heavy metals like zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel serve key roles in regulating different biological processes in living systems, many heavy metals can be toxic even at low concentrations, such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, and can accumulate in intricate food chains resulting in health concerns. Over the years, many physical and chemical methods of heavy metal removal have essentially been investigated, but their disadvantages like the generation of chemical waste, complex downstream processing, and the uneconomical cost of both methods, have rendered them inefficient,. Since then, microbial bioremediation, particularly the use of bacteria, has gained attention due to the feasibility and efficiency of using them in removing heavy metals from contaminated environments. Bacteria have several methods of processing heavy metals through general resistance mechanisms, biosorption, adsorption, and efflux mechanisms. Bacillus spp. are model Gram-positive bacteria that have been studied extensively for their biosorption abilities and molecular mechanisms that enable their survival as well as their ability to remove and detoxify heavy metals. This review aims to highlight the molecular methods of Bacillus spp. in removing various heavy metals ions from contaminated environments. MDPI 2021-07-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8402239/ /pubmed/34442707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081628 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Alotaibi, Badriyah Shadid
Khan, Maryam
Shamim, Saba
Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title_full Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title_fullStr Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title_full_unstemmed Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title_short Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species
title_sort unraveling the underlying heavy metal detoxification mechanisms of bacillus species
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402239/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34442707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081628
work_keys_str_mv AT alotaibibadriyahshadid unravelingtheunderlyingheavymetaldetoxificationmechanismsofbacillusspecies
AT khanmaryam unravelingtheunderlyingheavymetaldetoxificationmechanismsofbacillusspecies
AT shamimsaba unravelingtheunderlyingheavymetaldetoxificationmechanismsofbacillusspecies