Orbital histiocytosis with systemic involvement: A case with complex affiliations

A 70-year-old male presented with orbital masses affecting the muscular cone. His past medical history was notable for diabetes mellitus, ischemic cardiopathy, sleep-apnea syndrome, and multiple serous effusions. The first biopsy specimen of affected orbital tissue revealed fibrohistiocytic infiltration resembling xanthogranuloma or Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD). An ulterior biopsy of affected orbital tissue showed lymphocyte emperipolesis with immunopositivity for CD68 and S100 but negative staining for CD1a marker, strongly suggesting Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD). Afterward, pericardium and peritoneal effusions resulted in constrictive pericarditis and retroperitoneal fibrosis, respectively. The absence of distinctive clinical features made the diagnosis especially challenging. Attempts to control the disease using corticosteroids, radiation, orbital surgery, and interferon were unsuccessful. Aggressive treatments such as chemotherapy were not considered appropriate due to the general deterioration of our patient. Although the possibility of two concurrent diseases (e.g., systemic ECD and orbital RDD) cannot be discarded, we interpreted the orbital findings as likely due to RDD, and the entire condition of our patient as an extranodal RDD with atypical clinicopathological findings and outcome.