Improved Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Confocal Imaging of Two-Dimensional Distribution of Arsenic Concentration in Cucumber Hypocotyls Using Synchrotron Radiation

[Image: see text] An optimized micro-X-ray fluorescence confocal imaging (μXRF-CI) analytical method has been developed to determine the 2D distribution of elemental composition in small (1–3 mm) biological objects at a 10–20 μm spatial resolution. Plants take up chemical elements from soil, and the vascular system transports them toward shoots. In order to obtain biochemical information related to this biological process, 2D distributions of chemical elements in roots and in hypocotyls of cucumber plants were analyzed by synchrotron radiation based on micro-X-ray fluorescence computer tomography and μXRF-CI techniques. The experiments were carried out at HASYLAB Beamline L of the DORIS-III storage ring in Hamburg, a facility that provided optimal physical conditions for developing and performing these unique analyses: high flux monochromatic synchrotron beam, X-ray optical elements, precision moving stages, and silicon drift detectors. New methodological improvements and experimental studies were carried out for applicability of lyophilized samples and cryo-cooling. Experimental parameters were optimized to maximize the excitation yield of arsenic Kα radiation and improvement of the spatial resolution of the μXRF-CI analytical method.