Biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis in young adults with history of Kawasaki disease()

BACKGROUND: Myocardial histology from autopsies of young adults with giant coronary artery aneurysms following Kawasaki disease (KD) shows bridging fibrosis beyond the territories supplied by the aneurysmal arteries. The etiology of this fibrosis is unknown, but persistent, low-level myocardial inflammation and microcirculatory ischemia are both possible contributing factors. To investigate the possibility of subclinical myocardial inflammation or fibrosis, we measured validated biomarkers in young adults with a remote history of KD. METHODS: We measured plasma calprotectin, galectin-3 (Gal-3), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), soluble ST2 (sST2), and serum procollagen type 1C-terminal propeptide (P1CP) in 91 otherwise healthy young adults with a remote history of KD and in 88 age-similar, healthy controls. KD subjects were stratified by coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) status and history of remote myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: After correction for multiple testing, calprotectin, Gal-3, and GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in subjects with persistent CAA (n = 26) compared with KD subjects with remodeled CAA (n = 20, p = 0.005, 0.001, 0.0036, respectively). In a multivariable regression model with CA status as the main predictor and adjusting for sex, MI history, and interval from KD onset, CA status was a significant predictor (Persistent CAA vs KD Normal CA) of calprotectin, Gal-3, GDF-15 and sST2 levels (p = 0.004, <0.001, 0.007, and 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ongoing inflammation and fibrosis may be occurring in individuals with persistent CAA. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to clarify the clinical significance of these elevated biomarker levels in this patient population that requires life-long monitoring.