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The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of both community- and hospital-associated infections. The antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of MRSA are largely regulated by two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) including the graRS TCS. To make a rela...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8415711/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34484169 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.727104 |
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author | Chen, Le Wang, Zihui Xu, Tao Ge, Hongfei Zhou, Fangyue Zhu, Xiaoyi Li, Xianhui Qu, Di Zheng, Chunquan Wu, Yang Zhao, Keqing |
author_facet | Chen, Le Wang, Zihui Xu, Tao Ge, Hongfei Zhou, Fangyue Zhu, Xiaoyi Li, Xianhui Qu, Di Zheng, Chunquan Wu, Yang Zhao, Keqing |
author_sort | Chen, Le |
collection | PubMed |
description | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of both community- and hospital-associated infections. The antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of MRSA are largely regulated by two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) including the graRS TCS. To make a relatively comprehensive insight into graRS TCS in MRSA, the bioinformatics analysis of dataset GSE26016 (a S. aureus HG001 WT strain vs. the ΔgraRS mutant) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was performed, and a total of 563 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the “de novo” IMP biosynthetic process, lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, and pathogenesis; and they were mainly enriched in purine metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, and monobactam biosynthesis in KEGG analysis. WGCNA suggested that the turquoise module was related to the blue module, and the genes in these two modules were associated with S. aureus virulence and infection. To investigate the role of graRS in bacterial virulence, a graRS knockout mutant (ΔgraRS) was constructed using MRSA USA500 2,395 strain as a parent strain. Compared to the wild-type strain, the USA500ΔgraRS showed reduced staphyloxanthin production, retarded coagulation, weaker hemolysis on blood agar plates, and a decreased biofilm formation. These altered phenotypes were restored by the complementation of a plasmid-expressed graRS. Meanwhile, an expression of the virulence-associated genes (coa, hla, hlb, agrA, and mgrA) was downregulated in the ΔgraRS mutant. Consistently, the A549 epithelial cells invasion of the ΔgraRS mutant was 4-fold lower than that of the USA500 wild-type strain. Moreover, on the Galleria mellonella infection model, the survival rate at day 5 post infection in the USA500ΔgraRS group (55%) was obviously higher than that in the USA500 group (20%), indicating graRS knockout leads to a decreased virulence in vivo. In addition, the deletion of the graRS in the MRSA USA500 strain resulted in its increased susceptibilities to ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. Our work suggests that the graRS TCS plays an important role in regulating S. aureus virulence in vitro and in vivo and modulate bacterial resistance to various antibiotics. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8415711 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84157112021-09-04 The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Chen, Le Wang, Zihui Xu, Tao Ge, Hongfei Zhou, Fangyue Zhu, Xiaoyi Li, Xianhui Qu, Di Zheng, Chunquan Wu, Yang Zhao, Keqing Front Microbiol Microbiology Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of both community- and hospital-associated infections. The antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of MRSA are largely regulated by two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) including the graRS TCS. To make a relatively comprehensive insight into graRS TCS in MRSA, the bioinformatics analysis of dataset GSE26016 (a S. aureus HG001 WT strain vs. the ΔgraRS mutant) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was performed, and a total of 563 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the “de novo” IMP biosynthetic process, lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, and pathogenesis; and they were mainly enriched in purine metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, and monobactam biosynthesis in KEGG analysis. WGCNA suggested that the turquoise module was related to the blue module, and the genes in these two modules were associated with S. aureus virulence and infection. To investigate the role of graRS in bacterial virulence, a graRS knockout mutant (ΔgraRS) was constructed using MRSA USA500 2,395 strain as a parent strain. Compared to the wild-type strain, the USA500ΔgraRS showed reduced staphyloxanthin production, retarded coagulation, weaker hemolysis on blood agar plates, and a decreased biofilm formation. These altered phenotypes were restored by the complementation of a plasmid-expressed graRS. Meanwhile, an expression of the virulence-associated genes (coa, hla, hlb, agrA, and mgrA) was downregulated in the ΔgraRS mutant. Consistently, the A549 epithelial cells invasion of the ΔgraRS mutant was 4-fold lower than that of the USA500 wild-type strain. Moreover, on the Galleria mellonella infection model, the survival rate at day 5 post infection in the USA500ΔgraRS group (55%) was obviously higher than that in the USA500 group (20%), indicating graRS knockout leads to a decreased virulence in vivo. In addition, the deletion of the graRS in the MRSA USA500 strain resulted in its increased susceptibilities to ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. Our work suggests that the graRS TCS plays an important role in regulating S. aureus virulence in vitro and in vivo and modulate bacterial resistance to various antibiotics. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-08-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8415711/ /pubmed/34484169 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.727104 Text en Copyright © 2021 Chen, Wang, Xu, Ge, Zhou, Zhu, Li, Qu, Zheng, Wu and Zhao. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Chen, Le Wang, Zihui Xu, Tao Ge, Hongfei Zhou, Fangyue Zhu, Xiaoyi Li, Xianhui Qu, Di Zheng, Chunquan Wu, Yang Zhao, Keqing The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title | The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title_full | The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title_fullStr | The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title_full_unstemmed | The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title_short | The Role of graRS in Regulating Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
title_sort | role of grars in regulating virulence and antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8415711/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34484169 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.727104 |
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