Tumor Temporal Proteome Profiling Reveals the Immunological Triple Offensive Induced by Synthetic Anti-Cancer Salmonella

The engineered “obligate” anaerobic Salmonella typhimurium strain YB1 shows a prominent ability to repress tumor growth and metastasis, which has great potential as a novel cancer immunotherapy. However, the antitumor mechanism of YB1 remains unelucidated. To resolve the proteome dynamics induced by the engineered bacteria, we applied tumor temporal proteome profiling on murine bladder tumors after intravenous injection of either YB1 or PBS as a negative control. Our data suggests that during the two weeks treatment of YB1 injections, the cured tumors experienced three distinct phases of the immune response. Two days after injection, the innate immune response was activated, particularly the complement and blood coagulation pathways. In the meantime, the phagocytosis was initiated. The professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils were recruited, especially the infiltration of iNOS(+) and CD68(+) cells was enhanced. Seven days after injection, substantial amount of T cells was observed at the invasion margin of the tumor. As a result, the tumor shrunk significantly. Overall, the temporal proteome profiling can systematically reveal the YB1 induced immune responses in tumor, showing great promise for elucidating the mechanism of bacteria-mediated cancer immunotherapy.