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Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice
The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423992/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34583856 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004 |
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author | Ghasemzadeh, Mehran Ghasemzadeh, Alireza Hosseini, Ehteramolsadat |
author_facet | Ghasemzadeh, Mehran Ghasemzadeh, Alireza Hosseini, Ehteramolsadat |
author_sort | Ghasemzadeh, Mehran |
collection | PubMed |
description | The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed “cytokine storm”, a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles’ heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56(dim) NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms. More intriguingly, the ongoing evidence for persistent clonal expansion of NK memory cells characterized by an activating phenotype in response to viral infections, can benefit the future studies on vaccine development and adoptive NK cell therapy in COVID-19. Whether vaccinated volunteers or recovered patients can also be considered as suitable candidates for cell donation could be the subject of future research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8423992 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84239922021-09-08 Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice Ghasemzadeh, Mehran Ghasemzadeh, Alireza Hosseini, Ehteramolsadat Hum Immunol Review The global outbreak of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) still claims more lives daily around the world due to the lack of a definitive treatment and the rapid tendency of virus to mutate, which even jeopardizes vaccination efficacy. At the forefront battle against SARS-CoV-2, an effective innate response to the infection has a pivotal role in the initial control and treatment of disease. However, SARS-CoV-2 subtly interrupts the equations of immune responses, disrupting the cytolytic antiviral effects of NK cells, while seriously activating infected macrophages and other immune cells to induce an unleashed “cytokine storm”, a dangerous and uncontrollable inflammatory response causing life-threatening symptoms in patients. Notably, the NK cell exhaustion with ineffective cytolytic function against the sources of exaggerated cytokine release, acts as an Achilles’ heel which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Given this, approaches that improve NK cell cytotoxicity may benefit treatment protocols. As a suggestion, adoptive transfer of NK or CAR-NK cells with proper cytotolytic potentials and the lowest capacity of cytokine-release (for example CD56(dim) NK cells brightly express activating receptors), to severe COVID-19 patients may provide an effective cure especially in cases suffering from cytokine storms. More intriguingly, the ongoing evidence for persistent clonal expansion of NK memory cells characterized by an activating phenotype in response to viral infections, can benefit the future studies on vaccine development and adoptive NK cell therapy in COVID-19. Whether vaccinated volunteers or recovered patients can also be considered as suitable candidates for cell donation could be the subject of future research. American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. 2022-01 2021-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8423992/ /pubmed/34583856 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004 Text en © 2021 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Review Ghasemzadeh, Mehran Ghasemzadeh, Alireza Hosseini, Ehteramolsadat Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title | Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title_full | Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title_fullStr | Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title_full_unstemmed | Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title_short | Exhausted NK cells and cytokine storms in COVID-19: Whether NK cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
title_sort | exhausted nk cells and cytokine storms in covid-19: whether nk cell therapy could be a therapeutic choice |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423992/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34583856 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2021.09.004 |
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