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Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Currently, whether daily excess iodized salt intake increases the risk of thyroid nodules and even thyroid cancer remains controversial. Our research group aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical guidance of daily iodized salt intake and the prevention of thyroid nodules th...

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Autores principales: Wang, Yaohui, Wang, Jiangang, Chen, Zhihen, Ma, Min, Lin, Changwei, He, Qingnan, Ye, Mingzhu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8425165/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34493230
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08700-z
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author Wang, Yaohui
Wang, Jiangang
Chen, Zhihen
Ma, Min
Lin, Changwei
He, Qingnan
Ye, Mingzhu
author_facet Wang, Yaohui
Wang, Jiangang
Chen, Zhihen
Ma, Min
Lin, Changwei
He, Qingnan
Ye, Mingzhu
author_sort Wang, Yaohui
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Currently, whether daily excess iodized salt intake increases the risk of thyroid nodules and even thyroid cancer remains controversial. Our research group aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical guidance of daily iodized salt intake and the prevention of thyroid nodules through a retrospective analysis of the correlation between daily iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Hunan, China. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the data of subjects who underwent a physical examination at the Health Management Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019. Subjects enrolled in this study underwent thyroid ultrasonography and tests to urine routines and liver and kidney function, and all subjects completed a questionnaire survey. The daily iodized salt intake of the study subjects was estimated based on spot urine methods (Tanaka). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between daily iodized salt intake and thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. RESULTS: Among the 51,637 subjects included in this study, the prevalence of thyroid nodules was 40.25%, and the prevalence of thyroid cancer was 0.76%; among all enrolled subjects, only 3.59% had a daily iodized salt intake less than 5 g. In addition, we found that a daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt was not only an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules (odds ratio (OR): 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86–2.31, p < 0.001) but also an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid cancer (OR: 5.81, 95% CI: 1.44–23.42, p = 0.012). A pooled analysis showed a significantly higher risk of thyroid nodules in subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to subjects aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 4.88, 95% CI: 4.29–5.54, p < 0.001); the risk of thyroid cancer was not significantly different between subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g and those aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 0.52–8.95, p = 0.281). The risk of thyroid nodules was not increased in physically active subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to physically inactive subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.97–1.28, p = 0.111). The same protective effect of physical activity was observed for thyroid cancer in subjects whose daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g. The risk of thyroid nodules was reduced for subjects with an education level of postgraduate and above, even when the daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g, compared to those with high school education and below and a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.93, p = 0.005); however, a protective effect of education level on the occurrence of thyroid cancer was not observed. Independent risk factors affecting daily iodized salt intake greater than 5 g included age, triglycerides, family history of tumors, physical activity, and marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt increased the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, while increased physical activity and education level reduced the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer caused by iodized salt intake. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08700-z.
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spelling pubmed-84251652021-09-10 Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study Wang, Yaohui Wang, Jiangang Chen, Zhihen Ma, Min Lin, Changwei He, Qingnan Ye, Mingzhu BMC Cancer Research BACKGROUND: Currently, whether daily excess iodized salt intake increases the risk of thyroid nodules and even thyroid cancer remains controversial. Our research group aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical guidance of daily iodized salt intake and the prevention of thyroid nodules through a retrospective analysis of the correlation between daily iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Hunan, China. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the data of subjects who underwent a physical examination at the Health Management Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019. Subjects enrolled in this study underwent thyroid ultrasonography and tests to urine routines and liver and kidney function, and all subjects completed a questionnaire survey. The daily iodized salt intake of the study subjects was estimated based on spot urine methods (Tanaka). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between daily iodized salt intake and thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. RESULTS: Among the 51,637 subjects included in this study, the prevalence of thyroid nodules was 40.25%, and the prevalence of thyroid cancer was 0.76%; among all enrolled subjects, only 3.59% had a daily iodized salt intake less than 5 g. In addition, we found that a daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt was not only an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid nodules (odds ratio (OR): 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86–2.31, p < 0.001) but also an independent risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid cancer (OR: 5.81, 95% CI: 1.44–23.42, p = 0.012). A pooled analysis showed a significantly higher risk of thyroid nodules in subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to subjects aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 4.88, 95% CI: 4.29–5.54, p < 0.001); the risk of thyroid cancer was not significantly different between subjects aged > 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g and those aged < 60 years with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 0.52–8.95, p = 0.281). The risk of thyroid nodules was not increased in physically active subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of more than 5 g compared to physically inactive subjects with a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.97–1.28, p = 0.111). The same protective effect of physical activity was observed for thyroid cancer in subjects whose daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g. The risk of thyroid nodules was reduced for subjects with an education level of postgraduate and above, even when the daily iodized salt intake exceeded 5 g, compared to those with high school education and below and a daily iodized salt intake of no more than 5 g (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.93, p = 0.005); however, a protective effect of education level on the occurrence of thyroid cancer was not observed. Independent risk factors affecting daily iodized salt intake greater than 5 g included age, triglycerides, family history of tumors, physical activity, and marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Daily intake of more than 5 g of iodized salt increased the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, while increased physical activity and education level reduced the risk of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer caused by iodized salt intake. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08700-z. BioMed Central 2021-09-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8425165/ /pubmed/34493230 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08700-z Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Wang, Yaohui
Wang, Jiangang
Chen, Zhihen
Ma, Min
Lin, Changwei
He, Qingnan
Ye, Mingzhu
Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title_full Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title_fullStr Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title_short Analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
title_sort analysis of the correlation between high iodized salt intake and the risk of thyroid nodules: a large retrospective study
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8425165/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34493230
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08700-z
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