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Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon

The phenomenon of Forced Normalization (FN) was first described by Landolt in 1953, who described the disappearance of epileptiform discharges in the EEG of patients with epilepsy, concomitant with the development of psychotic symptoms. Later, Tellenbach coined the term “alternative psychosis” refer...

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Autor principal: Bragatti, José Augusto
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8429494/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34512281
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2021.736248
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author Bragatti, José Augusto
author_facet Bragatti, José Augusto
author_sort Bragatti, José Augusto
collection PubMed
description The phenomenon of Forced Normalization (FN) was first described by Landolt in 1953, who described the disappearance of epileptiform discharges in the EEG of patients with epilepsy, concomitant with the development of psychotic symptoms. Later, Tellenbach coined the term “alternative psychosis” referring specifically to the alternation between clinical phenomena. Finally, in 1991, Wolf observed a degenerative process involved in the phenomenon, which he called “paradoxical normalization.” Initially, FN was explained through experimental models in animals and the demonstration of the kindling phenomenon, in its electrical and pharmacological subdivisions. At this stage of research on the epileptic phenomenon, repetitive electrical stimuli applied to susceptible regions of the brain (hippocampus and amygdala) were considered to explain the pathophysiological basis of temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Likewise, through pharmacological manipulation, especially of dopaminergic circuits, psychiatric comorbidities began to find their basic mechanisms. With the development of new imaging techniques (EEG/fMRI), studies in the area started to focus on the functional connectivity (FC) of different brain regions with specific neuronal networks, which govern emotions. Thus, a series of evidence was produced relating the occurrence of epileptic discharges in the limbic system and their consequent coactivation and deactivation of these resting-state networks. However, there are still many controversies regarding the basic mechanisms of network alterations related to emotional control, which will need to be studied with a more homogeneous methodology, in order to try to explain this interesting neuropsychiatric phenomenon with greater accuracy.
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spelling pubmed-84294942021-09-11 Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon Bragatti, José Augusto Front Integr Neurosci Neuroscience The phenomenon of Forced Normalization (FN) was first described by Landolt in 1953, who described the disappearance of epileptiform discharges in the EEG of patients with epilepsy, concomitant with the development of psychotic symptoms. Later, Tellenbach coined the term “alternative psychosis” referring specifically to the alternation between clinical phenomena. Finally, in 1991, Wolf observed a degenerative process involved in the phenomenon, which he called “paradoxical normalization.” Initially, FN was explained through experimental models in animals and the demonstration of the kindling phenomenon, in its electrical and pharmacological subdivisions. At this stage of research on the epileptic phenomenon, repetitive electrical stimuli applied to susceptible regions of the brain (hippocampus and amygdala) were considered to explain the pathophysiological basis of temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Likewise, through pharmacological manipulation, especially of dopaminergic circuits, psychiatric comorbidities began to find their basic mechanisms. With the development of new imaging techniques (EEG/fMRI), studies in the area started to focus on the functional connectivity (FC) of different brain regions with specific neuronal networks, which govern emotions. Thus, a series of evidence was produced relating the occurrence of epileptic discharges in the limbic system and their consequent coactivation and deactivation of these resting-state networks. However, there are still many controversies regarding the basic mechanisms of network alterations related to emotional control, which will need to be studied with a more homogeneous methodology, in order to try to explain this interesting neuropsychiatric phenomenon with greater accuracy. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-08-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8429494/ /pubmed/34512281 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2021.736248 Text en Copyright © 2021 Bragatti. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Bragatti, José Augusto
Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title_full Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title_fullStr Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title_full_unstemmed Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title_short Forced Normalization Revisited: New Concepts About a Paradoxical Phenomenon
title_sort forced normalization revisited: new concepts about a paradoxical phenomenon
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8429494/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34512281
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2021.736248
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