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Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes

Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) p...

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Autores principales: Almási, Gábor, Bosnyák, Edit, Móra, Ákos, Zsákai, Annamária, Fehér, Piroska V., Annár, Dorina, Nagy, Nikoletta, Sziráki, Zsófia, Kemper, Han C. G., Szmodis, Márta
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430462/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501859
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270
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author Almási, Gábor
Bosnyák, Edit
Móra, Ákos
Zsákai, Annamária
Fehér, Piroska V.
Annár, Dorina
Nagy, Nikoletta
Sziráki, Zsófia
Kemper, Han C. G.
Szmodis, Márta
author_facet Almási, Gábor
Bosnyák, Edit
Móra, Ákos
Zsákai, Annamária
Fehér, Piroska V.
Annár, Dorina
Nagy, Nikoletta
Sziráki, Zsófia
Kemper, Han C. G.
Szmodis, Márta
author_sort Almási, Gábor
collection PubMed
description Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- (p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise (p = 0.003). The T level (p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio (p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements.
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spelling pubmed-84304622021-09-11 Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes Almási, Gábor Bosnyák, Edit Móra, Ákos Zsákai, Annamária Fehér, Piroska V. Annár, Dorina Nagy, Nikoletta Sziráki, Zsófia Kemper, Han C. G. Szmodis, Márta Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- (p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise (p = 0.003). The T level (p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio (p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements. MDPI 2021-09-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8430462/ /pubmed/34501859 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Almási, Gábor
Bosnyák, Edit
Móra, Ákos
Zsákai, Annamária
Fehér, Piroska V.
Annár, Dorina
Nagy, Nikoletta
Sziráki, Zsófia
Kemper, Han C. G.
Szmodis, Márta
Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title_full Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title_fullStr Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title_full_unstemmed Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title_short Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
title_sort physiological and psychological responses to a maximal swimming exercise test in adolescent elite athletes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430462/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501859
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270
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