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Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes
Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) p...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430462/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501859 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270 |
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author | Almási, Gábor Bosnyák, Edit Móra, Ákos Zsákai, Annamária Fehér, Piroska V. Annár, Dorina Nagy, Nikoletta Sziráki, Zsófia Kemper, Han C. G. Szmodis, Márta |
author_facet | Almási, Gábor Bosnyák, Edit Móra, Ákos Zsákai, Annamária Fehér, Piroska V. Annár, Dorina Nagy, Nikoletta Sziráki, Zsófia Kemper, Han C. G. Szmodis, Márta |
author_sort | Almási, Gábor |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- (p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise (p = 0.003). The T level (p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio (p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8430462 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84304622021-09-11 Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes Almási, Gábor Bosnyák, Edit Móra, Ákos Zsákai, Annamária Fehér, Piroska V. Annár, Dorina Nagy, Nikoletta Sziráki, Zsófia Kemper, Han C. G. Szmodis, Márta Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- (p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise (p = 0.003). The T level (p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio (p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements. MDPI 2021-09-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8430462/ /pubmed/34501859 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Almási, Gábor Bosnyák, Edit Móra, Ákos Zsákai, Annamária Fehér, Piroska V. Annár, Dorina Nagy, Nikoletta Sziráki, Zsófia Kemper, Han C. G. Szmodis, Márta Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title | Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title_full | Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title_fullStr | Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title_full_unstemmed | Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title_short | Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes |
title_sort | physiological and psychological responses to a maximal swimming exercise test in adolescent elite athletes |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430462/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501859 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179270 |
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