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Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study

Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy promote oral bacterial growth, which may affect salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress (OS), and antioxidant capacity (AC). We hypothesized that caries-related bacterial load, NO level, and OS in the saliva change with advancing gestation. The...

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Autores principales: Wagle, Madhu, Basnet, Purusotam, Vårtun, Åse, Acharya, Ganesh
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430619/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501918
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179330
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author Wagle, Madhu
Basnet, Purusotam
Vårtun, Åse
Acharya, Ganesh
author_facet Wagle, Madhu
Basnet, Purusotam
Vårtun, Åse
Acharya, Ganesh
author_sort Wagle, Madhu
collection PubMed
description Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy promote oral bacterial growth, which may affect salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress (OS), and antioxidant capacity (AC). We hypothesized that caries-related bacterial load, NO level, and OS in the saliva change with advancing gestation. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in salivary NO, OS, and AC during pregnancy and correlate them with Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB) colonization at different stages of pregnancy. We assessed NO level by Griess method, OS by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), AC by ABTS radicals and bacterial load by culturing SM and LB in the saliva of pregnant women (n = 96) and compared with non-pregnant women (n = 50) as well as between different stages of pregnancy. Compared with non-pregnant women, NO was 77% higher (4.73 ± 2.87 vs. 2.67 ± 1.55 µM; p < 0.001), MDA was 13% higher (0.96 ± 0.27 vs. 0.85 ± 0.22 nM; p = 0.0055), and AC was 34% lower (60.35 ± 14.33 vs. 80.82 ± 11.60%; p < 0.001) in the late third trimester. NO increased with advancing gestation, but AC and OS did not change significantly during pregnancy. SM were more abundant in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant (p = 0.0012). Pregnancy appears to have an adverse impact on oral health emphasizing the importance optimal oral healthcare during pregnancy.
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spelling pubmed-84306192021-09-11 Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study Wagle, Madhu Basnet, Purusotam Vårtun, Åse Acharya, Ganesh Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy promote oral bacterial growth, which may affect salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress (OS), and antioxidant capacity (AC). We hypothesized that caries-related bacterial load, NO level, and OS in the saliva change with advancing gestation. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes in salivary NO, OS, and AC during pregnancy and correlate them with Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus (LB) colonization at different stages of pregnancy. We assessed NO level by Griess method, OS by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), AC by ABTS radicals and bacterial load by culturing SM and LB in the saliva of pregnant women (n = 96) and compared with non-pregnant women (n = 50) as well as between different stages of pregnancy. Compared with non-pregnant women, NO was 77% higher (4.73 ± 2.87 vs. 2.67 ± 1.55 µM; p < 0.001), MDA was 13% higher (0.96 ± 0.27 vs. 0.85 ± 0.22 nM; p = 0.0055), and AC was 34% lower (60.35 ± 14.33 vs. 80.82 ± 11.60%; p < 0.001) in the late third trimester. NO increased with advancing gestation, but AC and OS did not change significantly during pregnancy. SM were more abundant in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant (p = 0.0012). Pregnancy appears to have an adverse impact on oral health emphasizing the importance optimal oral healthcare during pregnancy. MDPI 2021-09-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8430619/ /pubmed/34501918 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179330 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Wagle, Madhu
Basnet, Purusotam
Vårtun, Åse
Acharya, Ganesh
Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title_full Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title_fullStr Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title_full_unstemmed Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title_short Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Bacterial Loads in Saliva during the Different Stages of Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
title_sort nitric oxide, oxidative stress and streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus bacterial loads in saliva during the different stages of pregnancy: a longitudinal study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430619/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34501918
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179330
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