Cargando…

Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone

The process of fracture healing varies depending upon internal and external factors, such as the fracture site, mode of injury, and mechanical environment. This review focuses on site-specific fracture healing, particularly diaphyseal and metaphyseal healing in mouse long bones. Diaphyseal fractures...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Inoue, Satoshi, Takito, Jiro, Nakamura, Masanori
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430651/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34502206
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179299
_version_ 1783750753303658496
author Inoue, Satoshi
Takito, Jiro
Nakamura, Masanori
author_facet Inoue, Satoshi
Takito, Jiro
Nakamura, Masanori
author_sort Inoue, Satoshi
collection PubMed
description The process of fracture healing varies depending upon internal and external factors, such as the fracture site, mode of injury, and mechanical environment. This review focuses on site-specific fracture healing, particularly diaphyseal and metaphyseal healing in mouse long bones. Diaphyseal fractures heal by forming the periosteal and medullary callus, whereas metaphyseal fractures heal by forming the medullary callus. Bone healing in ovariectomized mice is accompanied by a decrease in the medullary callus formation both in the diaphysis and metaphysis. Administration of estrogen after fracture significantly recovers the decrease in diaphyseal healing but fails to recover the metaphyseal healing. Thus, the two bones show different osteogenic potentials after fracture in ovariectomized mice. This difference may be attributed to the heterogeneity of the skeletal stem cells (SSCs)/osteoblast progenitors of the two bones. The Hox genes that specify the patterning of the mammalian skeleton during embryogenesis are upregulated during the diaphyseal healing. Hox genes positively regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts from SSCs in vitro. During bone grafting, the SSCs in the donor’s bone express Hox with adaptability in the heterologous bone. These novel functions of the Hox genes are discussed herein with reference to the site-specificity of fracture healing.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8430651
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-84306512021-09-11 Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone Inoue, Satoshi Takito, Jiro Nakamura, Masanori Int J Mol Sci Review The process of fracture healing varies depending upon internal and external factors, such as the fracture site, mode of injury, and mechanical environment. This review focuses on site-specific fracture healing, particularly diaphyseal and metaphyseal healing in mouse long bones. Diaphyseal fractures heal by forming the periosteal and medullary callus, whereas metaphyseal fractures heal by forming the medullary callus. Bone healing in ovariectomized mice is accompanied by a decrease in the medullary callus formation both in the diaphysis and metaphysis. Administration of estrogen after fracture significantly recovers the decrease in diaphyseal healing but fails to recover the metaphyseal healing. Thus, the two bones show different osteogenic potentials after fracture in ovariectomized mice. This difference may be attributed to the heterogeneity of the skeletal stem cells (SSCs)/osteoblast progenitors of the two bones. The Hox genes that specify the patterning of the mammalian skeleton during embryogenesis are upregulated during the diaphyseal healing. Hox genes positively regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts from SSCs in vitro. During bone grafting, the SSCs in the donor’s bone express Hox with adaptability in the heterologous bone. These novel functions of the Hox genes are discussed herein with reference to the site-specificity of fracture healing. MDPI 2021-08-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8430651/ /pubmed/34502206 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179299 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Inoue, Satoshi
Takito, Jiro
Nakamura, Masanori
Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title_full Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title_fullStr Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title_full_unstemmed Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title_short Site-Specific Fracture Healing: Comparison between Diaphysis and Metaphysis in the Mouse Long Bone
title_sort site-specific fracture healing: comparison between diaphysis and metaphysis in the mouse long bone
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430651/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34502206
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179299
work_keys_str_mv AT inouesatoshi sitespecificfracturehealingcomparisonbetweendiaphysisandmetaphysisinthemouselongbone
AT takitojiro sitespecificfracturehealingcomparisonbetweendiaphysisandmetaphysisinthemouselongbone
AT nakamuramasanori sitespecificfracturehealingcomparisonbetweendiaphysisandmetaphysisinthemouselongbone