Physicochemical Properties of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter 2.5 in Selected Residential Areas near a Ferromanganese Smelter

Particulate matter (PM) of different sizes and elemental composition is a leading contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution in residential areas. We sought to investigate similarities between indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) in three residential areas near a ferromanganese smelter in Meyerton to apportion the emission source(s). Indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) samples were collected concurrently, using GilAir300 plus samplers, at a flow rate of 2.75 L/min. PM(2.5) was collected on polycarbonate membrane filters housed in 37 mm cassettes coupled with PM(2.5) cyclones. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the morphology, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy was used to analyse the elemental composition of the PM(2.5). Mean indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) mass concentrations were 10.99 and 24.95 µg/m(3), respectively. Mean outdoor mass concentration was 2.27-fold higher than the indoor concentration. Indoor samples consisted of irregular and agglomerated particles, ranging from 0.09 to 1.06 µm, whereas outdoor samples consisted of irregular and spherical particles, ranging from 0.10 to 0.70 µm. Indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) were dominated by manganese, silicon, and iron, however, outdoor PM(2.5) had the highest concentration of all elements. The ferromanganese smelter was identified as the potential main contributing source of PM(2.5) of different physicochemical properties.