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Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites
In the study, agricultural waste bagasse was used as a bio-based flame retardant for reducing the flammability of epoxy. Specifically, an interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through a ring opening reaction between the hydroxyl functional group of bagasse and the epoxy group of triglycidyl isoc...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8434128/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34503018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172977 |
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author | Liu, Shang-Hao Ke, Cing-Yu Chiang, Chin-Lung |
author_facet | Liu, Shang-Hao Ke, Cing-Yu Chiang, Chin-Lung |
author_sort | Liu, Shang-Hao |
collection | PubMed |
description | In the study, agricultural waste bagasse was used as a bio-based flame retardant for reducing the flammability of epoxy. Specifically, an interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through a ring opening reaction between the hydroxyl functional group of bagasse and the epoxy group of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), forming Bagasse@TGIC. Next, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) was mixed with Bagasse@TGIC, inducing a reaction between the active hydrogen of DOPO and the epoxy group of TGIC, ultimately forming Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO with an IPN structure. Finally, the novel flame retardant was added to epoxy to create a composite. The integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) of pure epoxy is 619 °C; after the introduction of the 30 wt% flame retardant, the IPDT of the resultant composite material increased to 799 °C, greatly increasing the thermal stability by 29%. After the addition of the Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO flame retardant, the limiting oxygen index increased from 21% for the pure epoxy to 29% for the composite, and the UL-94 rating improved from failing rating for the pure epoxy and V-0 rating for the composite. The Raman spectrum indicated that the addition of Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO IPN substantially increased the biochar yield during the burning process, increasing thermal stability. These results confirmed that the epoxy/Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO composite had substantial flame retarding effects. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8434128 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84341282021-09-12 Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites Liu, Shang-Hao Ke, Cing-Yu Chiang, Chin-Lung Polymers (Basel) Article In the study, agricultural waste bagasse was used as a bio-based flame retardant for reducing the flammability of epoxy. Specifically, an interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through a ring opening reaction between the hydroxyl functional group of bagasse and the epoxy group of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), forming Bagasse@TGIC. Next, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) was mixed with Bagasse@TGIC, inducing a reaction between the active hydrogen of DOPO and the epoxy group of TGIC, ultimately forming Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO with an IPN structure. Finally, the novel flame retardant was added to epoxy to create a composite. The integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) of pure epoxy is 619 °C; after the introduction of the 30 wt% flame retardant, the IPDT of the resultant composite material increased to 799 °C, greatly increasing the thermal stability by 29%. After the addition of the Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO flame retardant, the limiting oxygen index increased from 21% for the pure epoxy to 29% for the composite, and the UL-94 rating improved from failing rating for the pure epoxy and V-0 rating for the composite. The Raman spectrum indicated that the addition of Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO IPN substantially increased the biochar yield during the burning process, increasing thermal stability. These results confirmed that the epoxy/Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO composite had substantial flame retarding effects. MDPI 2021-09-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8434128/ /pubmed/34503018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172977 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Liu, Shang-Hao Ke, Cing-Yu Chiang, Chin-Lung Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title | Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title_full | Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title_fullStr | Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title_full_unstemmed | Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title_short | Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites |
title_sort | thermal stability, smoke density, and flame retardance of ecotype bio-based flame retardant agricultural waste bagasse/epoxy composites |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8434128/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34503018 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172977 |
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