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Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a multi-dimensional effect on the host, which not only alters the dynamics of immune response but also persists in the hepatocytes to predispose oncogenic factors. The virus exists in multiple forms of which the nuclear localized covalently closed circular DNA (...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8435854/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34526974 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.678537 |
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author | Ghosh, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Anannya Banerjee, Soma |
author_facet | Ghosh, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Anannya Banerjee, Soma |
author_sort | Ghosh, Suchandrima |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a multi-dimensional effect on the host, which not only alters the dynamics of immune response but also persists in the hepatocytes to predispose oncogenic factors. The virus exists in multiple forms of which the nuclear localized covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the most stable and the primary reason for viral persistence even after clearance of surface antigen and viral DNA. The second reason is the existence of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) containing virion particles. On the other hand, the integration of the viral genome in the host chromosome also leads to persistent production of viral proteins along with the chromosomal instabilities. The interferon treatment or administration of nucleot(s)ide analogs leads to reduction in the viral DNA load, but the pgRNA and surface antigen clearance are a slow process and complete loss of serological HBsAg is rare. The prolonged exposure of immune cells to the viral antigens, particularly HBs antigen, in the blood circulation results in T-cell exhaustion, which disrupts immune clearance of the virus and virus-infected cells. In addition, it predisposes immune-tolerant microenvironment, which facilitates the tumor progression. Thus cccDNA, pgRNA, and HBsAg along with the viral DNA could be the therapeutic targets in the early disease stages that may improve the quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients by impeding the progression of the disease toward hepatocellular carcinoma. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8435854 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84358542021-09-14 Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis Ghosh, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Anannya Banerjee, Soma Front Microbiol Microbiology Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a multi-dimensional effect on the host, which not only alters the dynamics of immune response but also persists in the hepatocytes to predispose oncogenic factors. The virus exists in multiple forms of which the nuclear localized covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the most stable and the primary reason for viral persistence even after clearance of surface antigen and viral DNA. The second reason is the existence of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) containing virion particles. On the other hand, the integration of the viral genome in the host chromosome also leads to persistent production of viral proteins along with the chromosomal instabilities. The interferon treatment or administration of nucleot(s)ide analogs leads to reduction in the viral DNA load, but the pgRNA and surface antigen clearance are a slow process and complete loss of serological HBsAg is rare. The prolonged exposure of immune cells to the viral antigens, particularly HBs antigen, in the blood circulation results in T-cell exhaustion, which disrupts immune clearance of the virus and virus-infected cells. In addition, it predisposes immune-tolerant microenvironment, which facilitates the tumor progression. Thus cccDNA, pgRNA, and HBsAg along with the viral DNA could be the therapeutic targets in the early disease stages that may improve the quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients by impeding the progression of the disease toward hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-08-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8435854/ /pubmed/34526974 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.678537 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ghosh, Chakraborty and Banerjee. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Ghosh, Suchandrima Chakraborty, Anannya Banerjee, Soma Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title | Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title_full | Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title_fullStr | Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title_full_unstemmed | Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title_short | Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis |
title_sort | persistence of hepatitis b virus infection: a multi-faceted player for hepatocarcinogenesis |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8435854/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34526974 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.678537 |
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