Which Neural Network to Choose for Post-Fault Localization, Dynamic State Estimation, and Optimal Measurement Placement in Power Systems?

We consider a power transmission system monitored using phasor measurement units (PMUs) placed at significant, but not all, nodes of the system. Assuming that a sufficient number of distinct single-line faults, specifically the pre-fault state and the (not cleared) post-fault state, are recorded by the PMUs and are available for training, we first design a comprehensive sequence of neural networks (NNs) locating the faulty line. Performance of different NNs in the sequence, including linear regression, feed-forward NNs, AlexNet, graph convolutional NNs, neural linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and neural graph-based ODEs, ordered according to the type and amount of the power flow physics involved, are compared for different levels of observability. Second, we build a sequence of advanced power system dynamics–informed and neural ODE–based machine learning schemes that are trained, given the pre-fault state, to predict the post-fault state and also, in parallel, to estimate system parameters. Finally, third and continuing to work with the first (fault localization) setting, we design an (NN-based) algorithm which discovers optimal PMU placement.