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Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region
To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 b...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8446016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34531433 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4 |
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author | Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares dos Santos França, Eliane Costa, Iran Barros Lima, Igor Tenório Freire, Amaury Bentes Cunha de Paula Ramos, Francisco Lúzio Monteiro, Talita Antonia Furtado Macedo, Olinda Sousa, Rita Catarina Medeiros Freitas, Felipe Bonfim Costa, Igor Brasil Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário |
author_facet | Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares dos Santos França, Eliane Costa, Iran Barros Lima, Igor Tenório Freire, Amaury Bentes Cunha de Paula Ramos, Francisco Lúzio Monteiro, Talita Antonia Furtado Macedo, Olinda Sousa, Rita Catarina Medeiros Freitas, Felipe Bonfim Costa, Igor Brasil Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário |
author_sort | Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares |
collection | PubMed |
description | To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51–15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01–2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12–2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79–1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22–3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1–10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8446016 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84460162021-09-20 Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares dos Santos França, Eliane Costa, Iran Barros Lima, Igor Tenório Freire, Amaury Bentes Cunha de Paula Ramos, Francisco Lúzio Monteiro, Talita Antonia Furtado Macedo, Olinda Sousa, Rita Catarina Medeiros Freitas, Felipe Bonfim Costa, Igor Brasil Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário Sci Rep Article To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51–15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01–2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12–2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79–1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22–3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1–10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-09-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8446016/ /pubmed/34531433 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4 Text en © The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Pereira, Leonn Mendes Soares dos Santos França, Eliane Costa, Iran Barros Lima, Igor Tenório Freire, Amaury Bentes Cunha de Paula Ramos, Francisco Lúzio Monteiro, Talita Antonia Furtado Macedo, Olinda Sousa, Rita Catarina Medeiros Freitas, Felipe Bonfim Costa, Igor Brasil Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title | Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title_full | Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title_fullStr | Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title_full_unstemmed | Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title_short | Epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by Epstein–Barr virus in HIV-1-positive subjects in the Brazilian Amazon region |
title_sort | epidemiological risk factors associated with primary infection by epstein–barr virus in hiv-1-positive subjects in the brazilian amazon region |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8446016/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34531433 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4 |
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