Cargando…
The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella
Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning...
Autores principales: | , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448676/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34374792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03132-x |
_version_ | 1784569286202753024 |
---|---|
author | Emery, Helena Traves, William Rowley, Andrew F. Coates, Christopher J. |
author_facet | Emery, Helena Traves, William Rowley, Andrew F. Coates, Christopher J. |
author_sort | Emery, Helena |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning mechanisms of toxicity, but there is a general move toward reducing and replacing vertebrates for these bioassays. We have adopted insect larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a surrogate toxicology model. We treated larvae with environmentally relevant doses of okadaic acid (80–400 μg/kg) via intrahaemocoelic injection or gavage to determine marine toxin-related health decline: (1) whether pre-exposure to a sub-lethal dose of toxin (80 μg/kg) enhances susceptibility to bacterial infection, or (2) alters tissue pathology and bacterial community (microbiome) composition of the midgut. A sub-lethal dose of okadaic acid (80 μg/kg) followed 24 h later by bacterial inoculation (2 × 10(5) Escherichia coli) reduced larval survival levels to 47%, when compared to toxin (90%) or microbial challenge (73%) alone. Histological analysis of the midgut depicted varying levels of tissue disruption, including nuclear aberrations associated with cell death (karyorrhexis, pyknosis), loss of organ architecture, and gross epithelial displacement into the lumen. Moreover, okadaic acid presence in the midgut coincided with a shift in the resident bacterial population over time in that substantial reductions in diversity (Shannon) and richness (Chao-1) indices were observed at 240 μg toxin per kg. Okadaic acid-induced deterioration of the insect alimentary canal resembles those changes reported for rodent bioassays. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00204-021-03132-x. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8448676 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84486762021-10-01 The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella Emery, Helena Traves, William Rowley, Andrew F. Coates, Christopher J. Arch Toxicol Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning mechanisms of toxicity, but there is a general move toward reducing and replacing vertebrates for these bioassays. We have adopted insect larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a surrogate toxicology model. We treated larvae with environmentally relevant doses of okadaic acid (80–400 μg/kg) via intrahaemocoelic injection or gavage to determine marine toxin-related health decline: (1) whether pre-exposure to a sub-lethal dose of toxin (80 μg/kg) enhances susceptibility to bacterial infection, or (2) alters tissue pathology and bacterial community (microbiome) composition of the midgut. A sub-lethal dose of okadaic acid (80 μg/kg) followed 24 h later by bacterial inoculation (2 × 10(5) Escherichia coli) reduced larval survival levels to 47%, when compared to toxin (90%) or microbial challenge (73%) alone. Histological analysis of the midgut depicted varying levels of tissue disruption, including nuclear aberrations associated with cell death (karyorrhexis, pyknosis), loss of organ architecture, and gross epithelial displacement into the lumen. Moreover, okadaic acid presence in the midgut coincided with a shift in the resident bacterial population over time in that substantial reductions in diversity (Shannon) and richness (Chao-1) indices were observed at 240 μg toxin per kg. Okadaic acid-induced deterioration of the insect alimentary canal resembles those changes reported for rodent bioassays. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00204-021-03132-x. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2021-08-10 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8448676/ /pubmed/34374792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03132-x Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms Emery, Helena Traves, William Rowley, Andrew F. Coates, Christopher J. The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title | The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title_full | The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title_fullStr | The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title_full_unstemmed | The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title_short | The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella |
title_sort | diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, galleria mellonella |
topic | Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448676/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34374792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03132-x |
work_keys_str_mv | AT emeryhelena thediarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT traveswilliam thediarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT rowleyandrewf thediarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT coateschristopherj thediarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT emeryhelena diarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT traveswilliam diarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT rowleyandrewf diarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella AT coateschristopherj diarrheticshellfishpoisoningtoxinokadaicacidprovokesgastropathydysbiosisandsusceptibilitytobacterialinfectioninanonrodentbioassaygalleriamellonella |