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Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition of impaired tissue response to insulin. Although there are many methods to diagnose IR, new biomarkers are still being sought for early and noninvasive diagnosis of the disease. Of particular interest in laboratory diagnostics is saliva collected in a stress-fr...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Hindawi
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8455206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34557264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3734252 |
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author | Maciejczyk, Mateusz Pawlukianiec, Cezary Żendzian-Piotrowska, Małgorzata Ładny, Jerzy Robert Zalewska, Anna |
author_facet | Maciejczyk, Mateusz Pawlukianiec, Cezary Żendzian-Piotrowska, Małgorzata Ładny, Jerzy Robert Zalewska, Anna |
author_sort | Maciejczyk, Mateusz |
collection | PubMed |
description | Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition of impaired tissue response to insulin. Although there are many methods to diagnose IR, new biomarkers are still being sought for early and noninvasive diagnosis of the disease. Of particular interest in laboratory diagnostics is saliva collected in a stress-free, noninvasive, and straightforward manner. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in preclinical studies in an animal model. The study was conducted on 20 male Wistar rats divided into two equal groups: a standard diet and a high-fat diet (HFD). In all rats fed the HFD, IR was confirmed by an elevated homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index. We have shown that IR is responsible for the depletion of the enzymatic (↓superoxide dismutase) and nonenzymatic (↓ascorbic acid, ↓reduced glutathione (GSH)) antioxidant barrier at both the central (serum/plasma) and salivary gland (saliva) levels. In IR rats, we also demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of protein/lipid oxidation (↑protein carbonyls, ↑4-hydroxynoneal (4-HNE)), glycation (↑advanced glycation end products), and nitration (↑3-nitrotyrosine) products in both saliva and blood plasma. Salivary nonenzymatic antioxidants and oxidative stress products generally correlate with their blood levels, while GSH and 4-HNE have the highest correlation coefficient. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE correlate with body weight and BMI and indices of carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, TNF-α). These biomarkers differentiate IR from healthy controls with very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). The high diagnostic utility of salivary GSH and 4-HNE is also confirmed by multivariate regression analysis. Summarizing, saliva can be used to assess the systemic antioxidant status and the intensity of systemic oxidative stress. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE may be potential biomarkers of IR progression. There is a need for human clinical trials to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in IR conditions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8455206 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84552062021-09-22 Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model Maciejczyk, Mateusz Pawlukianiec, Cezary Żendzian-Piotrowska, Małgorzata Ładny, Jerzy Robert Zalewska, Anna Oxid Med Cell Longev Research Article Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition of impaired tissue response to insulin. Although there are many methods to diagnose IR, new biomarkers are still being sought for early and noninvasive diagnosis of the disease. Of particular interest in laboratory diagnostics is saliva collected in a stress-free, noninvasive, and straightforward manner. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in preclinical studies in an animal model. The study was conducted on 20 male Wistar rats divided into two equal groups: a standard diet and a high-fat diet (HFD). In all rats fed the HFD, IR was confirmed by an elevated homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index. We have shown that IR is responsible for the depletion of the enzymatic (↓superoxide dismutase) and nonenzymatic (↓ascorbic acid, ↓reduced glutathione (GSH)) antioxidant barrier at both the central (serum/plasma) and salivary gland (saliva) levels. In IR rats, we also demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of protein/lipid oxidation (↑protein carbonyls, ↑4-hydroxynoneal (4-HNE)), glycation (↑advanced glycation end products), and nitration (↑3-nitrotyrosine) products in both saliva and blood plasma. Salivary nonenzymatic antioxidants and oxidative stress products generally correlate with their blood levels, while GSH and 4-HNE have the highest correlation coefficient. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE correlate with body weight and BMI and indices of carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, TNF-α). These biomarkers differentiate IR from healthy controls with very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). The high diagnostic utility of salivary GSH and 4-HNE is also confirmed by multivariate regression analysis. Summarizing, saliva can be used to assess the systemic antioxidant status and the intensity of systemic oxidative stress. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE may be potential biomarkers of IR progression. There is a need for human clinical trials to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in IR conditions. Hindawi 2021-09-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8455206/ /pubmed/34557264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3734252 Text en Copyright © 2021 Mateusz Maciejczyk et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Maciejczyk, Mateusz Pawlukianiec, Cezary Żendzian-Piotrowska, Małgorzata Ładny, Jerzy Robert Zalewska, Anna Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title | Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title_full | Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title_fullStr | Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title_full_unstemmed | Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title_short | Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model |
title_sort | salivary redox biomarkers in insulin resistance: preclinical studies in an animal model |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8455206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34557264 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3734252 |
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