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A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope
Three different Pd(0)‐based heterogeneous catalysts were developed and tested in the Cassar–Heck reaction (i. e., copper‐free Sonogashira reaction) aiming at the definition of a waste minimized protocol. The cross‐linked polymeric supports used in this investigation were designed to be adequate for...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457221/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34240814 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101052 |
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author | Valentini, Federica Ferlin, Francesco Tomarelli, Elena Mahmoudi, Hamed Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba Calamante, Massimo Vaccaro, Luigi |
author_facet | Valentini, Federica Ferlin, Francesco Tomarelli, Elena Mahmoudi, Hamed Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba Calamante, Massimo Vaccaro, Luigi |
author_sort | Valentini, Federica |
collection | PubMed |
description | Three different Pd(0)‐based heterogeneous catalysts were developed and tested in the Cassar–Heck reaction (i. e., copper‐free Sonogashira reaction) aiming at the definition of a waste minimized protocol. The cross‐linked polymeric supports used in this investigation were designed to be adequate for different reaction media and were decorated with different pincer‐type ionic ligands having the role of stabilizing the formation and dimension of palladium nanoparticles. Among the ionic tags tested, bis‐imidazolium showed the best performances in terms of efficiency and durability of the metal catalytic system. Eventually, aqueous acetonitrile azeotrope was selected as the reaction medium as it allowed the best catalytic efficiency combined with easy recovery and reuse. Finally, the synergy between the selected catalyst and reaction medium allowed to obtain highly satisfactory isolated yields of a variety of substrates while using a low amount of metal catalyst. The high performance of the designed POLymeric Ionic TAG (POLITAG)‐Pd(0), along with its good selectivity achieved in a copper‐free process, also led to a simplified purification procedure allowing the minimization of the waste generated as also proven by the very low E‐factor values (1.4–5) associated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8457221 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-84572212021-09-28 A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope Valentini, Federica Ferlin, Francesco Tomarelli, Elena Mahmoudi, Hamed Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba Calamante, Massimo Vaccaro, Luigi ChemSusChem Full Papers Three different Pd(0)‐based heterogeneous catalysts were developed and tested in the Cassar–Heck reaction (i. e., copper‐free Sonogashira reaction) aiming at the definition of a waste minimized protocol. The cross‐linked polymeric supports used in this investigation were designed to be adequate for different reaction media and were decorated with different pincer‐type ionic ligands having the role of stabilizing the formation and dimension of palladium nanoparticles. Among the ionic tags tested, bis‐imidazolium showed the best performances in terms of efficiency and durability of the metal catalytic system. Eventually, aqueous acetonitrile azeotrope was selected as the reaction medium as it allowed the best catalytic efficiency combined with easy recovery and reuse. Finally, the synergy between the selected catalyst and reaction medium allowed to obtain highly satisfactory isolated yields of a variety of substrates while using a low amount of metal catalyst. The high performance of the designed POLymeric Ionic TAG (POLITAG)‐Pd(0), along with its good selectivity achieved in a copper‐free process, also led to a simplified purification procedure allowing the minimization of the waste generated as also proven by the very low E‐factor values (1.4–5) associated. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021-07-22 2021-08-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8457221/ /pubmed/34240814 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101052 Text en © 2021 The Authors. ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
spellingShingle | Full Papers Valentini, Federica Ferlin, Francesco Tomarelli, Elena Mahmoudi, Hamed Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba Calamante, Massimo Vaccaro, Luigi A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title | A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title_full | A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title_fullStr | A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title_full_unstemmed | A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title_short | A Waste‐Minimized Approach to Cassar‐Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG‐Pd(0) Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope |
title_sort | waste‐minimized approach to cassar‐heck reaction based on politag‐pd(0) heterogeneous catalyst and recoverable acetonitrile azeotrope |
topic | Full Papers |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457221/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34240814 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101052 |
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