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Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan

Vaccination is the only way to reach herd immunity and help people return to normal life. However, vaccination rollouts may not be as fast as expected in some regions due to individuals' vaccination hesitation. For this reason, in Detroit, Michigan, the city government has offered a $50 prepaid...

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Autores principales: Kim, Hwang, Rao, Vithala R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457353/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568268
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.740367
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author Kim, Hwang
Rao, Vithala R.
author_facet Kim, Hwang
Rao, Vithala R.
author_sort Kim, Hwang
collection PubMed
description Vaccination is the only way to reach herd immunity and help people return to normal life. However, vaccination rollouts may not be as fast as expected in some regions due to individuals' vaccination hesitation. For this reason, in Detroit, Michigan, the city government has offered a $50 prepaid card to people who entice city residents to visit vaccination sites. This study examined vaccination rates in the US using Detroit, Michigan, as the setting. It sought to address two issues. First, we analyzed the vaccination diffusion process to predict whether any region would reach a vaccination completion level that ensures herd immunity. Second, we examined a natural experiment involving a vaccination incentive scheme in Detroit and discovered its causal inference. We collected weekly vaccination data and demographic Census data from the state of Michigan and employed the Bass model to study vaccination diffusion. Also, we used a synthetic control method to evaluate the causal inference of a vaccination incentive scheme utilized in Detroit. The results showed that many Michigan counties—as well as the city of Detroit—would not reach herd immunity given the progress of vaccination efforts. Also, we found that Detroit's incentive scheme indeed increased the weekly vaccination rate by 44.19% for the first dose (from 0.86 to 1.25%) but was ineffective in augmenting the rate of the second dose. The implications are valuable for policy makers to implement vaccination incentive schemes to boost vaccination rates in geographical areas where such rates remain inadequate for achieving herd immunity.
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spelling pubmed-84573532021-09-23 Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan Kim, Hwang Rao, Vithala R. Front Public Health Public Health Vaccination is the only way to reach herd immunity and help people return to normal life. However, vaccination rollouts may not be as fast as expected in some regions due to individuals' vaccination hesitation. For this reason, in Detroit, Michigan, the city government has offered a $50 prepaid card to people who entice city residents to visit vaccination sites. This study examined vaccination rates in the US using Detroit, Michigan, as the setting. It sought to address two issues. First, we analyzed the vaccination diffusion process to predict whether any region would reach a vaccination completion level that ensures herd immunity. Second, we examined a natural experiment involving a vaccination incentive scheme in Detroit and discovered its causal inference. We collected weekly vaccination data and demographic Census data from the state of Michigan and employed the Bass model to study vaccination diffusion. Also, we used a synthetic control method to evaluate the causal inference of a vaccination incentive scheme utilized in Detroit. The results showed that many Michigan counties—as well as the city of Detroit—would not reach herd immunity given the progress of vaccination efforts. Also, we found that Detroit's incentive scheme indeed increased the weekly vaccination rate by 44.19% for the first dose (from 0.86 to 1.25%) but was ineffective in augmenting the rate of the second dose. The implications are valuable for policy makers to implement vaccination incentive schemes to boost vaccination rates in geographical areas where such rates remain inadequate for achieving herd immunity. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8457353/ /pubmed/34568268 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.740367 Text en Copyright © 2021 Kim and Rao. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Public Health
Kim, Hwang
Rao, Vithala R.
Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title_full Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title_fullStr Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title_full_unstemmed Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title_short Vaccination Diffusion and Incentive: Empirical Analysis of the US State of Michigan
title_sort vaccination diffusion and incentive: empirical analysis of the us state of michigan
topic Public Health
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8457353/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34568268
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.740367
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