Gaseous Elemental Mercury Exchange Fluxes over Air-Soil Interfaces in the Degraded Grasslands of Northeastern China

SIMPLE SUMMARY: This study investigated the gaseous elemental mercury exchange fluxes over Artemisia anethifolia coverage and removal and bare soil using a dynamic flux chamber attached to the Lumex(R) RA915+ Hg analyzer during the growing season from May to September of 2018, in which the interactive effects of plant coverage and meteorological conditions were highlighted. The results showed that the net emissions from the soil to the atmosphere, which varied diurnally, with releases occurring during the daytime hours and depositions occurring during the nighttime hours. Significant differences were observed in the fluxes between the vegetation coverage and removal during the growing months. In addition, it was determined that the mercury fluxes were positively correlated with the solar radiation and air/soil temperature levels and negatively correlated with the air humidity and soil moisture. The grassland soil served as both a source and a sink for atmospheric mercury, depending on the season and meteorological factors. The plants played an important inhibiting role in the mercury exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere. This research will potentially assist in the development of more accurate local and regional estimates of mercury emissions from degraded grassland areas and the terrestrial environment as a whole. ABSTRACT: Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that may potentially have serious impacts on human health and ecologies. The gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) exchanges between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere play important roles in the global Hg cycle. This study investigated GEM exchange fluxes over two land cover types (including Artemisia anethifolia coverage and removal and bare soil) using a dynamic flux chamber attached to the Lumex(R) RA915+ Hg analyzer during the growing season from May to September of 2018, in which the interactive effects of plant coverage and meteorological conditions were highlighted. The daily mean ambient levels of GEM and the total mercury concentrations of the soil (TSM) were determined to be 12.4 ± 3.6 to 16.4 ± 5.6 ng·m(−3) and 32.8 to 36.2 ng·g(−1), respectively, for all the measurements from May to September. The GEM exchange fluxes (ng·m(−2)·h(−1)) during the five-month period for the three treatments included the net emissions from the soil to the atmosphere (mean 5.4 to 7.1; range of −27.0 to 47.3), which varied diurnally, with releases occurring during the daytime hours and depositions occurring during the nighttime hours. Significant differences were observed in the fluxes between the vegetation coverage and removal during the growing months (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that the Hg fluxes were positively correlated with the solar radiation and air/soil temperature levels and negatively correlated with the air relative humidity and soil moisture under all the conditions (p < 0.05). Overall, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the grassland soil served as both a source and a sink for atmospheric Hg, depending on the season and meteorological factors. Furthermore, the plants played an important inhibiting role in the Hg exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere.