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Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses

Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the glob...

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Autores principales: Ibe, Chibuike, Munro, Carol A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8466366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575777
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090739
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author Ibe, Chibuike
Munro, Carol A.
author_facet Ibe, Chibuike
Munro, Carol A.
author_sort Ibe, Chibuike
collection PubMed
description Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis.
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spelling pubmed-84663662021-09-27 Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses Ibe, Chibuike Munro, Carol A. J Fungi (Basel) Review Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis. MDPI 2021-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8466366/ /pubmed/34575777 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090739 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ibe, Chibuike
Munro, Carol A.
Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title_full Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title_fullStr Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title_full_unstemmed Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title_short Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses
title_sort fungal cell wall proteins and signaling pathways form a cytoprotective network to combat stresses
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8466366/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575777
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090739
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